What is economic globalization and what are its characteristics? The Motivation of Post-war Economic Globalization and Its Influence on Contemporary World Politics and International Relations

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Definition: Economic globalization refers to the phenomenon that commodities, trade, services and various factors of production cross national boundaries and extend to the global scope, gradually weakening various barriers and obstacles, forming a unified global market and closely linking the economies of various countries and regions.

There are seven main signs of economic globalization: trade globalization, capital globalization, production globalization, consumption globalization, technology globalization, service globalization and organization globalization.

Features: mainly the emergence of a global unified economic market,

The other is financial globalization,

The emergence of multinational corporations,

Globalization of technology,

Globalization of capital,

Globalization of the labor force,

Since the new century, regional economic integration and information technology revolution are also a major feature of globalization.

The main factors leading to the rapid development of economic globalization are:

(1) scientific and technological progress and productivity development.

(2) The development of multinational corporations.

(3) Economic system reform in various countries.

(4) Economic globalization is a process full of contradictions, which has both positive effects and negative consequences (that is, economic globalization is a double-edged sword, and opportunities and challenges coexist).

What impact does it have on contemporary world politics and international relations?

At present, economic globalization has gone far beyond the economic field, and it is exerting more and more extensive influence on international politics, security, society and culture. The positive effects of globalization mainly include:

(1) Promoting the innovation of development model. Globalization has promoted the global optimal allocation of production factors such as production, resources, personnel, trade, investment and finance, reduced costs and improved efficiency. Multinational companies have developed into global companies with R&D and production and sales chains all over the world. Experience shows that the improvement of a country's economic openness is directly proportional to its per capita GDP growth. No matter how a country's development model is adjusted and changed, it is impossible to explore an advanced development model without considering globalization factors and taking advantage of globalization opportunities.

(2) Promote the integration of international interests. Interest integration is not only manifested in the economic field, but also in other fields; Whether in the bilateral or multilateral fields. The economic interdependence between countries has gradually deepened, and the situation of common prosperity and common loss has begun to take shape. The closer the global economic chain is, the higher the dependence of a country's economic development on global economic development. In addition to national interests, * * * regional interests and global interests have increased significantly. The integration of interests is conducive to the improvement of national relations, the increase of coordination and cooperation between countries, and the emergence of different "volunteer alliances" formed for different interests. Hegemony, confrontation, adherence to group politics and cold war mentality are increasingly unpopular.

(3) Promote the expansion of safety connotation. Security has expanded from traditional security field to non-traditional security field. Non-traditional security issues such as terrorism, economic security, environmental degradation, climate warming, epidemic spread, migration and transnational crime are increasingly threatening, involving a wide range of fields such as economy, people's livelihood, society and nature. Non-traditional security is mainly caused by unscientific human development and disharmony between development and society and nature, and its essence is development. Non-traditional security issues blur the boundary between security and development, increase the urgency of international security cooperation, challenge the dominant position of traditional security and ease the military confrontation between countries. For example, terrorism and climate change cannot be solved by any country alone, and the United States has to rely on the international community in many aspects in its fight against terrorism. For another example, the contradiction between the United States and Russia in missile defense is sharp, but on the whole, cooperation in the field of non-traditional security is smooth.

(4) Promote the transfer of national sovereignty. Globalization has promoted the development of international organizations. From 1990 to 1998 alone, the number of international organizations increased from 26,656 to 48,350, including more than 250 intergovernmental international organizations. Intergovernmental international organizations become the makers, supervisors and executors of global rules, managers of global problems and solvers of global disputes. In its Understanding on Dispute Settlement Rules and Procedures, the WTO comprehensively stipulated the implementation and supervision of WTO's political methods, legal methods, rulings and relief measures for trade disputes, and specially established the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). Indeed, the state is still the main actor of the international community, and national sovereignty is still the supreme right of the state. However, under the background of globalization, it is an indisputable fact that national sovereignty is increasingly transferred to intergovernmental international organizations. For example, transfer political, diplomatic and military rights to the United Nations and regional organizations, transfer economic rights to the WTO, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and global companies, and transfer social rights to other non-governmental international organizations. Globalization also urges a country's domestic rules to be as consistent as possible with international rules.

(5) Promote the reform of the international system. The main characteristics of the current international system are: the West, especially the United States, is dominant, countries are nominally equal but unequal, the role of international organizations is limited, and hegemonism and "problem countries" are not effectively restricted. The current international system is getting weaker and weaker in dealing with the increasing global problems, and its adjustment, improvement and reform are the general trend. In the next few decades, a new international system may basically take shape, with its main characteristics: First, the world pattern is multipolar. Due to the revitalization of emerging powers and the vast number of developing countries, the balance of international power is changing, which is beneficial to how strong it is, rather than "overtaking", and to developing countries, rather than developed countries. It is expected that the imbalance between "one super" and "multi-strong" and between North and South will be finally solved. According to the prediction of international authoritative organizations, in 2020, the world's top 20 economic powers will be reshuffled, China will rank second in the world, Russia, India and Brazil will rank first 10, and some developing countries will rank first 20. The interests of the United States, China, Europe, Japan, Russia, India and Brazil have merged and become more interdependent, and the risk of sharp confrontation and total war has been reduced. Second, both western and non-western countries are dominant. In the future, with the gradual loss of America's "one-superpower" status and western power advantage, the dominant position of the west will be difficult to maintain, multipolar, western and non-western countries will jointly dominate the new international system, and the democratization of international relations will be developed. Third, the role of international organizations has increased. International organizations and international rules will be further enriched, improved and strengthened, and the constraints on big countries and "problem countries" will be strengthened. The fourth is the diversification of international governance. The increase of global issues will promote the diversification of international governance models, such as the combination and complementarity of national governance and global governance, the governance of big countries and small and medium-sized countries, and the governance of global international organizations and regional international organizations. The fifth is peaceful and gradual progress. In the past, the transformation of the international system was achieved through war. This time, the reform of the international system may be gradually completed through struggle, consultation and compromise between big countries and North and South countries while maintaining overall peace.

(6) Promoting the progress of human civilization. On the basis of globalization, global issues, global interests and global governance, it is possible for human beings to form new common values and new human civilization, break the dominant position of the West in human civilization and achieve a comprehensive transcendence of Western civilization.

two

When we see the positive effects of globalization, we can't ignore its negative effects.

(1) Economic crisis. With the increasingly close global economic chain, the possibility that energy prices rise sharply, the financial order is seriously out of control, and the economic recession of big countries obviously leads to global economic recession or even crisis is increasing. Once this happens, its spread speed and influence depth may far exceed previous world economic crises. In addition, problems such as climate change and environmental degradation have not been effectively managed for a long time, which will eventually threaten the sustainable development of the global and national economies.

(2) Social unrest. Globalization has led to a widening gap between rich and poor countries and within countries, and social contradictions between developed and developing countries may be intensified. Such as the United States, Britain, France and other developed countries, a large number of traditional industries have moved abroad, the unemployment problem has become prominent, and the social trend has increased. Globalization has also strengthened the connection and interaction between domestic factors and international factors in various countries, and the chances of domestic turmoil caused by international problems and international turmoil caused by domestic problems are increasing.

(3) great power confrontation. Some countries have deviated from the evolution direction of globalization and the pace of human history, and have not given up hegemonism, strategic expansion, arms race and containment of other emerging powers. In particular, we will maintain our strategic advantage in a decade or two. Once it gets rid of the current strategic dilemma, it is still possible to provoke big country confrontation again, which will seriously damage the reform of the international system and the cause of peace and progress of mankind.

(4) Regional turmoil. Marginalized countries, hegemonism, terrorism, nuclear proliferation and so on. In the process of globalization, it is possible to make use of the hot spots in the inland areas of China in the period of 265,438+the first 20 years of the 20th century, instead of gradually decreasing with the deepening of globalization, which will increase the influence of regional hot spots on the global security situation and make the local turmoil of the international situation continue to intensify under the overall peaceful state.

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In the tide of globalization, we should strengthen our awareness of opportunity, innovation and global strategy.

Improve the concept of national development, interests, security, sovereignty and international order. Fully implement Scientific Outlook on Development, make five overall plans, and promote the benign interaction between China's economic and social development and globalization. Abandon the absolute exclusive view of national interests, stay away from the hegemonic view of safeguarding one's own interests, incorporate more global interests and regional interests into the field of national interests, and develop and extend national interests in promoting mutual benefit with the outside world. Innovate the concept of national security, promote the coordination between national defense construction and national economic construction and national peaceful development, promote the coordination between traditional security and non-traditional security, promote the coordination between national security and international security, promote the coordination between military means and other means, strive to get rid of the fetters of "security dilemma", promote the unity of security and development, and strive to safeguard national comprehensive security. Properly respond to the trend of national sovereignty transfer and decide whether it is conducive to the development of national interests and whether the position on international intervention is conducive to national security and world peace and stability. By properly participating in global governance, we can enrich the concept of international order and promote the construction of a harmonious world.

Enhance the ability to coordinate the two overall situations at home and abroad. Under the background of globalization, the interaction between domestic and international situations has increased. We should be good at using globalization opportunities to promote domestic development, using globalization pressure to promote domestic institutional innovation, avoiding globalization risks to safeguard our own security, and preventing domestic problems from impacting regional and global security and development.

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The influence of economic globalization is increasing day by day.