What does the legend of giants mainly talk about?

Biography of the Giant is a novel written by French writer rabelais, which was written between 1532 and 1564. It is a highly politicized satire, a huge picture of French feudal society in the first half of16th century, and a new novel calling for the emerging bourgeoisie to step onto the historical stage.

The story begins with the magical deeds of two giant kings, КаΥан Du Ya and his son, Gue.

Part 1 tells the extraordinary birth of КаΥан Ya Bu, the son of Grangujie. He received scholastic education first, then humanistic education, and went to Paris.

At this time, the neighboring king Bi Xiao Ke used the border war to invade on a large scale, and КаΥан Du Ya rushed back in time. With the help of brother John, he defeated the enemy.

In order to reward the John brothers, КаΥан Du Ya built the Dereymez Abbey for him.

The second part begins with the genealogy of Hugue Gu 'ai, which can't be finished in 44 days.

He went to Paris to study, and КаΥан Du Ya wrote to him urging him to learn all kinds of knowledge.

He met baruch, and baruch introduced himself to him and helped him conquer Dipso.

In the third part, baruch visited witches, poets, theologians, philosophers, doctors and lunatics in order to solve the marriage problem, but he found nothing. Therefore, Hugue Gu 'e and КаΥан Du Ya also discussed this issue.

In the fourth part, accompanied by Baruch and John's brother, Gu Ai traveled across the ocean and found the "Aquarius of God".

On the way, I met a sheep merchant and passed the "Marriage Island", where the Hikanu people lived.

After a storm, I met people who fasted and people from the "sausage country" and arrived at the place where Protestants and Catholics lived.

The fifth part describes their experience in Zhongming Island, watching Cat in Fur Robe and Financial Squeezer, and visiting Fat Country, No Food Island, Five Elements Country and Lamp Country. It can be said that they have read all the evils in the world and finally found the "source of wisdom"-"Aquarius".

In the prologue of the first book, rabelais made it clear that through his works, "in our religion, in our political situation and economic life", "terrible secrets" can be revealed.

Rabelais regards the struggle between the emerging bourgeoisie and the feudal aristocracy in politics, economy and religion as the primary task of Biography of the Giant, which makes the novel have a strong political color.

Rabelais exposed the French feudal society incisively and vividly from the standpoint of the emerging bourgeoisie.

/kloc-In the first half of the 6th century, France experienced a series of foreign wars.

Francois I competed with Charles V for the throne of "Holy Roman Empire" ambitiously because of his growing national strength, and at the same time plundered Italy many times.

In his rule of more than 30 years, the longest truce was only six years.

As a result, the state treasury was empty, debts were high, and excessive taxes and miscellaneous taxes were a dime a dozen, which led to changes in people's hearts and frequent riots.

These are clearly reflected in the Biography of the Giant.

The first is the description of the war.

Rabelais opposes a war of belligerence and plunder.

He expresses his thoughts through negative and positive images.

The villain Bi is an ambitious king. He tried to build a "world empire", launched a predatory war against neighboring countries and "plundered everything he passed".

There are both Charles V and Francois I in the image of Bi Xiao Ke.

In view of the reality of years of war, rabelais hopes to have a wise monarch.

Grangu Street written by him is such a king.

Facing the enemy's invasion, he immediately sent troops to defend himself and protect his subjects. "Reason requires this, because I rely on their labor to maintain, I rely on their sweat to feed and clothe, not only me, but also my children and my royal family.

He never started a war or invaded other countries. He sent messengers to persuade Bi: "Now is not the time to acquire the kingdom through conquest.

"rabelais let the invaders defeat, also can saying is the militarist Francois I admonition. ..

Secondly, Biography of the Giant attacked the judicial system and the tax system.

At that time, with the strengthening of the judicial system, the corruption of feudal judicial organs was increasingly exposed.

The real situation of feudal courts is that the proceedings are complicated, the expenses are huge, and the judges practice favoritism and malpractice.

Even the king had to click on 1536, 1539 and 1540 for three consecutive times to shorten the trial period and reduce the trial cost.

Rabelais ironically decided the case by rolling dice, exposing their usurpation and abuse of privilege, and described that the Sikanu people "can be rich for four months after being beaten".

The description of "the cat in fur robe" in the fifth part obviously alludes to the shady situation of justice at that time.

Judges are all described as "cats in fur robes" with a big pocket hanging on their bodies and "living by bribery".

Their laws are like cobwebs, catching small flies and butterflies, and not daring to provoke big cows and big flies, that is to say, they specifically harm ordinary people.

"They grab everything and devour everything. They dismember, behead, kill, prohibit, destroy and destroy everything, regardless of quality.

Because for them, evil is called virtue, malice is called kindness, rebellion is called loyalty, stealing is called talent, and robbery is their motto.

Rabelais described exorbitant taxes and levies as "financial squeezers": "The grapes are squeezed clean, and there is not even any juice left."

Thus, the legend of the giant reflects the scene of the people rising up against oppression.

In the preface of part 4, the gods in the upper bound meet each other, but the lower bound is very noisy. One of them said, "Gascon people want to rebuild their big clock.

"Gascon refers to the farmers in Jiyena, who broke out an uprising against salt tax in 1548.

The oppressors took down the big clock that they signaled the uprising and smashed it.

A year later, when the authorities made peace with the rebels, the rebels demanded to rebuild these clocks, and the rebels won.

Rabelais immediately wrote this story into a novel, which shows that he attached great importance to the peasant uprising.

The impoverishment of farmers' life has always been a concern of rabelais.

Biography of the Giant wrote that a large number of farmers lost their land and had to work in vineyards, while others became vagrants and begged for food everywhere.

A woodcutter lost his axe and had no money to buy a second one. He almost died.

Rich people in the "fat country" with a big belly ate their bellies.

No Grain Island shows that farmers are exploited by feudal landlords, annexed by capitalism, and threatened by natural and man-made disasters.

In his works, rabelais shows people's deep sufferings and potential social crisis, which is his valuable as a progressive humanist writer.

Biography of the Giant also reflects the old and new struggles in the economic field in the first half of16th century.

Rabelais stood on the side of the emerging bourgeoisie and expressed his views through baruch.

Ba Ru's image occupies a particularly important position in the book. As soon as he appeared, he actually became a central figure.

He is a character image produced in the embryonic period of capitalism.

His name means "a man who does everything", which really sums up his characteristics.

Rabelais rejected the ancient slave martyrdom system through his mouth, thinking that saving their lives would make them serve their masters.

He quoted ancient myths to show that the god of wealth was respected, while the god of beauty was not respected because he had no money to lend to others.

He accused the old mode of production and relations of production of "rejecting trust, hope and kindness".

What he likes best is money: "Without money, it is extremely painful.

"He has 63 ways to find money, and the most important means is cheating.

He has the enterprising spirit and adventurous spirit of the emerging bourgeoisie.

His optimistic personality reflects the class's confidence in its own strength.

He played a leading role in the search for "Aquarius", and he always won in the struggle with feudal forces-police, upper class and demons.

This is enough to show that the author fully affirms the strength and historical role of the emerging bourgeoisie.

Biography of the Giant attacked the church and its ideology from the standpoint of the emerging bourgeoisie.

The church is the pillar of feudal society.

Engels pointed out that the struggle against feudalism "must first point the finger at the church".

Rabelais hates the Catholic Church.

He criticized the Catholic "sacred legend" that the world originated from Noah's Ark, and his opposition to asceticism, religious celibacy, dieting and fasting was "against nature".

He invented a place called Ramadan, where people are sworn enemies of sausage countries.

He sympathized with the persecuted Protestants, and he described Dominicans and Jesuits who performed torture tasks in the Inquisition as "terrible birds of prey".

The "Zhongming Island" in the fifth part refers to Rome. Through the description of Zhongming Island, the author criticizes the feudal hierarchy of the church.

The upper monks enjoyed the privilege and were closely connected with the feudal monarchy. They collect people's blood and sweat and lead a corrupt life.

Rabelais laughed at the Pope's Dojo collection and opposed the Pope's extortion of huge sums of money from various countries.

In the fourth part, when Catholics ask baruch and others if they have ever seen a "unique person", that is, the Pope, baruch says that he has seen three, and Catholics say that there is always only one praise in the canon.

Through this dialogue in a few words, this "land god" was mercilessly ridiculed.

Rabelais particularly denounced the scholasticism and scholasticism used by Catholicism to poison people.

In A.D. 1 year, Grangu Street hired a theologian to teach in Douadam, КаΥан. The theologian made КаΥан Du Ya recite various scriptures for more than fifty years.

The more you read, the more stupid you become.

Besides eating, drinking and sleeping, he also goes to church and attends mass every day, so when reading, he "keeps his eyes on the book, but his mind is thinking about the kitchen".

The author vividly shows that the people trained by this kind of education can only be ignorant.

The irony of scholasticism is also very spicy.

For example, in the first film, I wrote an alcohol conversation, saying that "wine changes the shape of the body because it turns people who don't drink into people who drink."

Scholastic philosophers asked students to discuss "is goat's hair wool?"

This kind of empty and chaotic sophistry discussion is the characteristic of scholasticism.

The queen in the fifth Five Elements Kingdom doesn't eat or drink, and "abstraction" means everything to her.

Rabelais pointed out that this is "useless science" and pointed out the idealistic essence of scholasticism.

Rabelais named his hero Hugue Gué e, which means "very suffocating". The purpose is to inspire people to get rid of the shackles of scholasticism and scholasticism and the suffocating spiritual shackles through this image.

Rabelais not only criticized the dark side of feudal society with a strategic attitude, but also actively put forward the ideal of humanism.

Delianmei Monastery is the embodiment of the author's humanistic ideal.

It shows the political, social and religious views of rabelais's humanism.

Both men and women can enter and leave the monastery at any time. There are no complicated religious ceremonies, and there are no rules that bind people. People can drink whatever they want and leave whenever they want.

The only rule of the monastery is "do what you want".

This is the slogan of bourgeois anti-feudal personality liberation, which was undoubtedly of progressive significance at that time.

At the same time, rabelais's humanistic ideal also has obvious bourgeois nature.

Delianmei Temple only accepts people who are "naive, elegant and educated". They pay attention to food and clothing, and never rush about for life. Everyone is content to get rich and enjoy life freely.

It can be seen that bourgeois humanists reflected the wishes of some oppressed people to some extent when attacking feudal privileges, but when it comes to their positive ideals, they can only express the wishes of the bourgeoisie.

Brother John, who founded Deryamet Monastery, is a figure who embodies rabelais's humanistic ideal.

He is not a celibate and dares to look at girls boldly; He doesn't go on a diet, but eats and drinks for four people; He protects the oppressed; He is not afraid of the enemy, and he is ruthless to the enemy. He lifted his robe and rolled up his sleeves in the battle, and as a result, he beat the invading enemy out of the water, while other monks were there "singing hymns and praying for resistance."

He is very different from the spiritual aristocrat-monk class in the Middle Ages, and he is rabelais's ideal monk image, that is, an image that conforms to the humanist's "human feelings" standard.

Rabelais also put forward humanistic education thought in Biography of the Giant.

Rabelais advocates to cultivate "all-knowing and all-round people" by making effective use of every hour, taking all-inclusive courses, paying equal attention to physical and mental development, conducting military training and learning production and business skills. Rabelais believes that with comprehensive knowledge, we can achieve the goal of transforming society.

The hero in The Legend of the Giant has gone through all kinds of difficulties to find the truth. The answer given by Aquarius is "drink". When КаΥан Du Ya was born, he shouted "Drink, drink, drink!" The echo before and after constitutes the central idea that runs through the plot of the book: that is, the emerging bourgeoisie's desire for knowledge and the desire to open up a new world.

Like all advanced classes in history, the bourgeoisie also represents the development direction of social productive forces in its rising period.

/kloc-In the first half of the 6th century, the bourgeoisie was a new and enterprising force, full of illusions and confidence in the future, and noisily stepped onto the historical stage. Therefore, humanist rabelais was able to put forward his utopian ideal, paving the way for the emerging bourgeoisie.

In the opening remarks of the fifth book, rabelais said that he would "serve the masons and cook for them." .

"The object of" The Legend of the Giant "is obviously the citizen class in the city.

Therefore, the author consciously draws nourishment from folk themes and forms.

In characterization, rabelais is good at processing and creating according to the images appearing in life.

Take the image of a giant as an example.

The story of the giant originally came from the agricultural festival of the rural commune.

People play the myth about giants in the festival activities that pray for God's protection.

Giants originally represented natural forces beyond human power.

Later, folk songs depicted heroic giants of hunting and war.

КаΥан Du Ya is a peasant hero in folk songs.

Because rural communes have been preserved in France for a long time, the legend of giants has been circulated for a long time.

This type of giant has the characteristics of farmers and simple temperament.

However, the giants written by rabelais are no longer the giants of the same name in medieval folk songs, folk stories, comedies and mystery plays.

They are deeply branded with the times.

Their status has changed, not ordinary farmers or demons, but kings.

The Giant King became a new creation of rabelais's humanistic ideal.

Rabelais is good at satire.

He inherited the tradition of folk satirical stories, such as Lena Fox's story.

His satire is sharp, sharp, spicy and unusual.

Sometimes he exaggerates the shortcomings of the object of criticism by exaggeration, as if it were under a microscope, which makes people see at a glance; Sometimes he uses cynical brushwork, which looks like praise on the surface, but in fact implies criticism; Sometimes he denounces what he hates with fierce curses. For example, in order to belittle the satirical object, he listed the names of more than 100 poisonous insects and compared them. Sometimes he deliberately puts on a "cynical" posture and boldly blasphemes "sacred" things, making them lose their prestige; He was also good at using contrast to expose the evil nature of the reactionary forces ... rabelais dared to criticize the current abuses and pointed his finger at the feudal ruling class. This is the meaning of his satirical art.

The language of The Legend of the Giant comes from life.

Rabelais uses languages from all walks of life and dialects, so his language is vivid, humorous, rich and expressive.

Rabelais is good at using allegorical words in folk creation. He gave allegorical names not only to people, but also to places and things to express the author's love and hate.

This technique can often grasp the characteristics of the description object, make it symbolic and typical, and make its works philosophical at the same time.

The Legend of the Giant is interspersed with many folk stories, which can explain its close relationship with folk creation.

Rabelais's imagination is rich, and his works are full of romance.

For example, КаΥан Du Ya, the giant he wrote, was born to drink the milk of10.7 million cows, and his clothes and hats needed tens of thousands of feet of cloth; He stuck out his tongue to block the rain clouds for the whole army; The bell of Notre Dame de Paris can only be his bell.

This exaggerated romanticism is also one of the artistic features of The Legend of the Giant.

As an anti-feudal and anti-church satirical masterpiece of the emerging bourgeoisie, Biography of the Giant is also deeply branded with the times and classes.

Rabelais is the spokesman of the bourgeoisie. While criticizing feudalism and the church, he also positively publicized the bourgeois world outlook and the class nature of exploitation, plunder and deception.

This is a description of Ba Ruqi, a rogue, greedy and cunning figure, who was described by rabelais as "the best child in the world".

Through Ba Ruqi's words, rabelais publicly affirmed the exploitation mode of capitalism: "In my life, I regard lending as … the only sustenance of human generations.

Rabelais regards business speculation, competition and intrigue as the fundamental laws of human society: "I think adventure is the soul of the universe, and … everything is thriving because of it.

"rabelais described the psychology of loan sharks in baruch in a positive tone:" How comfortable I am to see these debtors around me every morning, extremely humble, obedient and bowing.

"rabelais's description of baruch's quarrel with the sheep merchant was intended to show the wit of the characters, but in fact it reflected the ruthlessness of baruch's exploiters.

Because the sheep merchant refused to sell him a sheep, he deliberately retaliated by taking the leading sheep to the sea, and the sheep followed the leading sheep, and the sheep merchant and his men followed him to the sea.

However, baruch picked up the paddle on the boat, knocked all the people who wanted to board into the sea and drowned one by one.

In addition, the description of the huge ancient Hubei crossing the ocean in the Biography of the Giant was related to the French expedition to Canada at that time.

With the help of baruch, the huge Ine conquered Dipso Germany and immigrated on a large scale.

This colonial military action was brilliantly written by rabelais, and so on, which fully showed that rabelais could not break through his class limitations, and the just cause he shouted only represented the interests of the bourgeoisie in the final analysis.

As the spokesman of the bourgeoisie, rabelais also showed the incompleteness of the bourgeois anti-feudalism in his works.

Monarchy is the highest form of feudal rule, but rabelais has always had illusions about Francois I, so in his first few works, he endowed the giant king with humanistic thoughts and shaped him into an enlightened monarch.

This sad misunderstanding was actually determined by the contrast of class power at that time.

Because the bourgeoisie was not strong enough at that time, kingship was often interpreted as a symbol of a nation-state that transcended all social groups. The bourgeoisie rejected by nobles and churches always hoped that the king would create favorable conditions for them to develop capitalism.

However, the reality has repeatedly disappointed their hopes.

The king only wants money from the bourgeoisie, and his appetite for borrowing money is growing.

1547 After the death of the king, he owed a huge sum of 2 million to the Bank of Lyon, not including the debts owed by the royal family.

The relationship between the bourgeoisie and the king is finally getting worse and worse.

Facts have proved that the fantasy of an enlightened monarch is impossible to realize, which actually shows the weakness of the bourgeoisie in opposing feudalism.

Similarly, rabelais's plan to transform society, that is, his humanistic ideal, also has a strong fantasy and improvement nature, and it simply doesn't work in practice.

For example, he emphasized that "knowledge is omnipotent" and thought that reforming education can reform society, which is an example.

Besides, rabelais is not an atheist. Although he attacked the church, he could not completely criticize religion. On the contrary, he asked the John brothers to accompany him to visit the "Aquarius of God" and admitted that religion still played a certain role.

It should be pointed out that the Biography of the Giant is too vulgar in many places. Although the author focuses on criticizing asceticism, it also reflects the inherent vulgarity and decay of the bourgeois world outlook.