Brief introduction of Qin state

The Qin royal family came from the famous family of Shang dynasty, after the important ministers of Shang dynasty, e lai and Fei Lian. Qin Feizi, the first monarch of the State of Qin, was the fifth grandson of General E Lai of Shang Zhouwang, and Qin Shihuang was the 35th grandson of E Lai. The royal family of Qin came from China, and Qin was the front line of Zhou Dynasty's resistance to Xirong. Zhou Pingwang once promised Qin Xianggong that there was no way for people to seize this vague and rich land. If the state of Qin can drive away the tolerant people, it can own the land occupied by the tolerant people. Qin culture mainly comes from Ji culture.

In the pre-Qin period, surnames were not unified, with men calling their surnames and women calling their surnames. The surname of Qin is Zhao, and the monarch is Sun Boyi, the fifth emperor of the Yellow Emperor (). Boyi was named the Won surname by Shun Di for his contribution to Dayu's water control, and his tribe was the Won surname tribe. At the end of Xia Dynasty, Chang Fei, the second son of Boyi and the great-grandson of Ruomu, abandoned Xia Shang, worked for Shang Tang, and helped Shang Tang destroy Xia Shang, becoming a hero of Shang Dynasty. Boyi's eldest son, Xuan Sun Zhong of Dalian, drove for Emperor Wudi, who married his daughter to him. Because of this, the tribe named Yuan became a nobleman of Shang Dynasty, assisting several generations of Shang Dynasty. Until Fei Lian and E came.

At the end of Shang Dynasty, King Wu of Zhou Dynasty conquered and won E Lai, a tribal surname, and served with his father Fei Lian. After Hubei came, he was killed, while Fei Haoran was quarrying in the north. After he returned, he built an altar in Huotai Mountain to worship Yin. As a result, he got a sarcophagus. His inscription said: "God saved Chu's father from the Yin death and gave you a stone. After death, he was buried in Huotai Mountain.

An inscription was unearthed from Tomb No.1 of Qin Gong, which recorded that the Qin royal family was behind the Yellow Emperor. According to archaeological discoveries and historical records, the Qin people and the Rong people fought a long and bitter tug-of-war, and the two tribes were incompatible in nationality and culture.

Archaeologists have found that the cultural relics unearthed from Qin and Rong tribal sites have different styles. Qin culture mainly comes from Zhou culture, and Rong culture comes from Siwa culture. The researchers also found that the residence of Qin people and Rong people was staggered and confronted. Qin people mainly live in the open Sichuan Plateau and gentle platform on both sides of the upper reaches of the Western Han River, while Rong people mostly live in the valley areas of the lower reaches or tributaries of the Western Han River. Two cities were also found in the Western Han Valley, which was one of the earliest places where Qin people lived. From the ruins and cultural relics, we can see the cruelty of the struggle between the two tribes The two tribes usually live in their own living areas, guarding against each other and fighting with each other. Experts also found the tomb of an early Qin nobleman, whose head was smashed by an arrow of the Rong people, which showed the tragic struggle at that time.

According to Shan Hai Jing, Qin and Zhou are descendants of the Yellow Emperor. Qin people regard themselves as Huaxia and worship Yandi Huangdi as their ancestors (the national governors worship Huangdi as their ancestors). For example, in 422 BC, Qin Linggong built a temple in Wuyang (now Wushan, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) to worship the Yellow Emperor; Build a temple to worship Emperor Yan. Qin people believed in the myth system of the Central Plains, such as the Queen Mother of West Kunlun and Nuwa, and always worshipped the four emperors (Huangdi, Yan Di, Fuxi and Shao Hao).

Moreover, the excavation of Qin Jinggong's tomb also proves that the Qin people belong to the Chinese nation. One of them inscribed "Levin has a spirit and is cared for by all sides", and the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, Zhuan Xu Di and Levin, are consistent with the records in Historical Records. Later, Shang Yang, a political reformer in Qin State, adopted the policy of "attracting people", attracting two or three million people from six Shandong countries to the sparsely populated Qin State. What's more, most of the Qin dynasty was originally the territory of Zhou people, and many Zhou people lived on it. Qin's land was later occupied by Xirong, and Qin naturally had many descendants of Zhou people. For example, Qin Wengong defeated Rongren to "overcharge Zhou people" and later occupied the hometown of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In other words, Zhou talents are indigenous to Qin's hometown, while Rong people are foreigners. In ancient times, when the traffic was extremely inconvenient, it was not easy for Xirong people to move to Qin, so there was no evidence to prove that they were the main ethnic group of Qin. Therefore, it is extremely wrong to say honor, and Qin people and Rong people never regard each other as their own kind.

Records of the Historical Records: "As a Hou, I lived in Xihuang, claiming to be the god of (one of the five emperors in the legend of the Han nationality), serving in the West Temple and worshiping Bai Di (one of the five gods). As early as the Zhou Dynasty, according to Zhou Li, people used six rites to worship the gods and the gods of the five parties. These five gods are Di Qing Taihao Fuxi in the East, Yan Di in the South, Huangdi in the Central, Shao Hao in the West and Zhuan Xu in Hei Di in the North. There are a group of horses, cows and sheep. " Said: "Won, the surname of Emperor Shao Shi is also." Zuo Zhuan made it very clear that the place where Lu was chosen was also called "the virtual place".

After Qin Zhuanggong was killed by Rong Di, his son said, "Rong killed my great father Zhong, but I dare not go into the city unless I kill him." According to Records of Historical Records of Qin Benji, Qin and Du are surnamed Zhao. E Lai's younger brother Ji Sheng is the ancestor of Zhao, and Qin He is the same ancestor. During the period, Zhao Fu, the great grandson of Ji Sheng, drove a car and made great contributions to quelling Xu and rebellion, and was named Zhao Cheng (now Hongdong, Shanxi).

During the Zhou Dynasty, Zhao Fu's nephew and concubine (the grandson of Boyi XVI) was enfeoffed by Zhou Dynasty in Qin (now Tianshui, Gansu) because of her meritorious service in raising horses. Fei Zi took the fief as his surname and later called it "Qin Feizi". Later, the Qin people raised horses for the Zhou royal family and fought Xirong at the border. Qin Yuan belongs to the southeast of Gansu and thrives in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province. At that time, Qin was only a vassal of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Qin Zhong ascended the throne for three years, but Zhou Liwang was helpless, and some governors betrayed him. Xirong rebelled against the Zhou Dynasty and destroyed the dog mound and the whole family of Daluo. After Zhou Xuanwang acceded to the throne, he appointed Qin Zhong as a doctor and crusaded against Xirong. Qin Zhong ascended the throne for twenty-three years and died at the hands of Xirong. Qin Zhong has five sons. The eldest son is Qin Bo, that is, Qin Zhuanggong. Zhou Xuanwang summoned five Qin Bo brothers, gave them seven thousand ranks, ordered them to crusade against Xirong, and defeated Xirong. Zhou Xuanwang once again rewarded Qin Zhong's descendants, including their ancestor Rhoda's fief Dog Mountain, all of which belonged to them, and appointed them as Dr. Xichuang. So Qin had two fiefs, one in Qin (Tianshui) and the other in Goushan (Xianyang Xingping).

Qin Zhuanggong lived in their hometown of Xigou Mountain and gave birth to three sons. The eldest son is called Shi Fu. Father Shi said, "Xirong killed my grandfather Qin Zhong, and I will never go home until I kill Rong Wang." So he led his troops to attack Xirong and gave the throne to his younger brother Qin Xianggong. Qin Xianggong became a prince. Zhuang Gong died in forty-four years, and Prince Xiang succeeded to the throne.

In 777 BC, Qin Xianggong married his sister Miao Mi to Xirong Wang Feng. In 776 BC, Xirong surrounded the dog mound, and his father rebelled and was finally captured by Xirong. After more than a year, Xirong was released to his father. 77 1 years ago, Quan Rong and Shen Hou attacked the Western Zhou Dynasty together and killed the King You at the foot of Mount Li. Qin Xianggong led an army to rescue the Zhou Dynasty. He fought bravely and made great contributions.

In 769 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital city to Luoyi to avoid dog harassment, and Qin Xianggong led the troops to escort Zhou Pingwang. Zhou Pingwang made A Xiang a vassal and sealed his land west of Qishan, which was the beginning of Qin Dynasty. Zhou Pingwang also said: "Allow people to be immoral and invade my land rich in mountains and water. If Qin can drive away the Rong people, the land occupied by Rong will belong to Qin. " Ping Wang and Qin Xianggong made an oath. At this time, Xiang Gong A Qin was a vassal state (Earl State), and exchanged envoys and invitations with other vassal states. He also sacrificed three naked ponies, three bulls and three rams with black mane to the Emperor of Heaven in Xiqiao. 766 years ago, Qin Xianggong marched eastward to Xirong, arrived in Qishan and died there.

Since 677, Qin has been the capital of Yong (now Baoji Fengxiang) for nearly 300 years. There are palace areas, residential areas, burial areas for literati and China people, and cemeteries in Qin Gong. In the era, Qin participated in the Central Plains hegemony and became a second-class power after Jin, Chu and Qi. During Qin Aigong's reign, Shen went to cry and asked his teacher to help Wang restore the country, leaving an allusion of "Shen crying".

Qin people fought against Rong people all the year round, making Qin people martial. The poem "Follow a gentleman without clothes and robes" comes from Qin Jun's military song "No Clothes" in The Book of Songs Qin Feng, which describes the scene of saving Chu.

The Book of Songs Qin Feng No Clothes

Have I nothing to wear? Robe with my son. Wang Yuxing, fix my spear. Hatred with my son!

Have I nothing to wear? Take your son. Wang Yu started the division and repaired my spear and halberd Work with your son!

Have I nothing to wear? Take your son. Wang Yu started his division and trained our soldiers. Go with your son!

In terms of science and technology, culture, etc., Qin was also relatively backward in the early Warring States period. This situation was not changed until the Shang Yang Reform 36 1 year ago. From then on, Qin began to become strong. In the first 350 years, in order to deepen the reform and get rid of the interference of the old aristocratic forces, Qin Daliangzao (Shang Yang) proposed to move the capital from Yongcheng (now Fengxiang, Baoji) to the newly-built Xianyang City, which was well supported.

In the first 325 years, Qin Huiwen was king. In 365 and 438+06, the Qin Dynasty destroyed Shu, the battle of Yong in 279 BC and the battle of Yan in 278. He was the commander in chief, and captured Nanyang County, Nanjun County, Linjiang County (Jiangxia County) and Qianzhong County of Chu State, whose political core was in Nanyang and Danyang at that time. At this time, Chu, a great southern country, went into decline because it lost a lot of territory and population.

In 260 BC, the general of Qin State, Bai Qi, hit the State of Zhao hard in the battle of Changping, and Zhao lost about 400,000 troops, which made the State of Qin fearful. In the first 246 years, King Zheng of Qin ascended the throne, seized power in 238 BC, and began his conquest of the six countries. From the Qin Dynasty's annihilation of Korea 230 years ago to the annihilation of Qi 22 1 years ago, China was unified.

In the 13th year (356 BC) and 19th year (350 BC) of Zhou Xianwang, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to carry out the most thorough political reform. Shang Yang's political reform encouraged population proliferation, emphasized agriculture and restrained business, abolished the system of "being an expensive official", rewarded military service, compiled household registration and implemented the law of "tongzhi". At that time, the state of Qin was vast in territory and abundant in resources, with a large population. Therefore, Shang Yang suggested that Qin Xiaogong should adopt preferential policies for foreign immigrants to attract Sanjin people to reclaim wasteland in Qin. Shang Yang's political reform made Qin the most powerful country after the mid-Warring States period. Although Shang Yang was later killed by a car crack, the new law was not abolished.

From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor (the 35th grandson of, a famous minister from Shang Zhouwang) destroyed the six countries of Kanto successively, thus completing national reunification. After that, the Huns were attacked in the north and Baiyue in the south. Created the emperor system and the central official system represented by three officials and nine ministers. Establish a county system, and thoroughly break the system of "Shi Qing Shi Lu" since the Western Zhou Dynasty, so as to safeguard national unity and strengthen the control of the central government over local governments.

The Qin Dynasty ended the 500-year-old separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period, and became the first multi-ethnic centralized country with the Han nationality as the main body in the history of China, laying the foundation for the rule of China's unified dynasty. Therefore, it is said that "there are still Qin politics and law in one hundred generations".

However, the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty also caused class contradictions and social unrest, which led to the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of China.

206 years ago, Zi Ying, the third king of Qin, surrendered to Liu Bang. It was only in 15 that the Qin Dynasty perished. When Qin Mugong destroyed Xirong12;

During the reign of King Wen of Qin Huiwen, Ba, Shu and Ju perished on 316;

During the reign of Qin Dynasty, Yi Qu was destroyed in the first 272 years.

Qin destroyed Korea in the first 230 years;

Qin destroyed Zhao in the first 228 years;

In the first 225 years, Qin destroyed Wei;

Qin destroyed Chu in the first 223 years;

In the first 222 years, Qin destroyed Yan Zhao;

Before 22 1, the Qin Dynasty perished, and Ying Zheng (Zhao Zheng), the king of Qin, was called the emperor and was the first emperor.

Remarks: Since 22 1 years ago, China officially entered the county-based society, and Qin became the first unified multi-ethnic autocratic centralized country in China history-Qin Dynasty. The social economy of Qin is still dominated by agriculture.

In the late Spring and Autumn Period, cast iron farm tools appeared.

During the Warring States period, water conservancy projects such as Zheng Guoqu and Dujiangyan were built, which further promoted the development of agricultural production. The handicraft industry is most developed in copper smelting and pottery making.

Invented a new process of chromium salt oxidation treatment of weapons; Building materials are quite distinctive, and ceramic tiles are exquisite works of art. At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, local governors competed for supremacy, but the original situation of Zhou Wenhua's supremacy was gradually destroyed, and local cultures began to show a trend of "localization". After the Warring States period, this situation became more obvious. In terms of word usage, it can be roughly divided into five major departments: Eastern Qi, Northeast Yan, Southern Chu, Northern Jin and Western Qin. The characters of each system are generally similar, with only a few differences, so there is not much problem in the exchange of documents.

After Qin Shihuang unified China, Lisi standardized and sorted out the big seal script (Qin characters) and the ancient prose of the six countries, and formulated the small seal script as the standard writing font of the Qin Dynasty, which unified the characters of China. The seal script is rectangular, and the strokes are round and smooth. Small seal script solved the problem of a large number of variant characters between languages of various countries, and the history of "the same book" began.