Classical Chinese records

1. The history of classical Chinese

Classical Chinese is a relative of vernacular, and its characteristic is that writing is based on words, so it pays attention to allusions, parallelism, neat rhythm, and does not Using punctuation, before the "Vernacular Movement" in 1919, all articles except vernacular novels were written in classical Chinese, including: policy, poetry, lyrics, music, eight-legged essay, parallel prose, ancient prose and other literary styles. It is an important culture of our country.

Classical Chinese is a written language in China, which mainly includes written language based on the spoken language of the Pre-Qin period. Commonly known as "Zhihu". During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, items used to record text had not yet been invented. Bamboo slips, silk and other items were used to record text. Silk was expensive, bamboo slips were bulky and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record words on "one roll" of bamboo slips, If you want to write more things, you need to delete unimportant words. It can be said that "classical Chinese" is the world's earliest "compressed" format for written records. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the ruling class's habit of using "official documents" for their correspondence had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy. 2. 20 articles for junior high school students (Chinese and history lecture records)

1. Handmade workshops first appeared in Italy in the 14th century. Handmade workshops are characterized by large scales, employing many workers, and division of labor and cooperation among workers. , improve production efficiency.

2. Early handicraft workshops in Western Europe were concentrated in textile, mining, metallurgy, shipbuilding and other industries. 3. After the 16th century, Western European countries implemented policies that were beneficial to merchants in order to enrich the country and strengthen the military. The class that changed after the emergence of handicraft workshops was the merchant class, a new class of bourgeoisie.

4. Chinese handicraft workshops appeared in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and were located in Jingdezhen. 5. Leonardo da Vinci is known as "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance", with his masterpieces "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper"; the famous British playwright during the Renaissance is Shakespeare, with his masterpieces "Romeo and the Last Supper". Juliet".

6. The Germans were called the "Pope's Cow", Luther was the religious reformer, Bacon was the one who proposed "knowledge is power", and the "heliocentric theory" was proposed by Copernicus, whose "heliocentric theory" is hailed as "the beginning of the scientific revolution", Newton's outstanding achievement is to propose the law of universal gravitation, and the thinker who advocates natural human rights is Voltaire, known as the standard-bearer of the Enlightenment, who proposed the idea of ??people's sovereignty It was the French thinker Rousseau. 7. The navigator Columbus was the first to discover the New World. The original inhabitants of America were Indians and the yellow race. The first to discover the route from Western Europe to India was Vasco da Gama. The first to complete the circumnavigation was Magellan.

The people known as "Sea Coachmen" were Dutch. 8. Reasons for the opening of new shipping routes: (1) Gold from Eastern countries has become something that Western Europeans dream of.

(2) The Ottoman Empire controlled the East-West trade routes, blocking the traditional trade routes from Western European countries to the East; (3) The development of the commodity economy and the emergence of capitalism (fundamental reasons) (4 ) The need for the spread of Christianity. Generally speaking, the direct reason for the opening of new routes is: the pursuit of wealth and benefits; the fundamental reason is: the development of the commodity economy. Impact: The opening of new shipping routes promoted the development of capitalism in Western Europe, promoted the strengthening of global connections, and the world began to move towards a whole.

9. The countries that took the lead in colonial plunder were Portugal and Spain, and the country that occupied the most colonies was the United Kingdom. 10. The kings on the eve of the British and French bourgeois revolutions were Charles I and Louis XVI respectively; the leaders were Cromwell and Robespierre respectively; the most important of the British laws restricting royal power was the Bill of Rights. The political system established after the revolution was a constitutional monarchy.

11. The event that kicked off the American Revolution was the gunfire at Lexington. The document issued in the American Revolution was the Declaration of Independence. The leader of the American Revolution was Washington. 12. The outbreak of the French Revolution was marked by the conquest of the Bastille, the promulgated document was the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the national anthem of France was the Marseillaise, and the founder of the French Empire was Napoleon.

13. The founder of the Ming Dynasty was Zhu Yuanzhang. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the developed cotton textile industry was the Songjiang area. A large number of Chinese products entering the international market were silk, tea, porcelain, etc. 14. The Ming Dynasty's Ming Dynasty Mongol Turgut tribe, which was received by Qianlong, moved westward. In the early 18th century, the Qing Dynasty established a minister in Tibet to represent the Central Government to manage Tibet. The Qing Dynasty pacified the Junggar tribe and the Hui tribe. The nobles rebelled, and the treaty that legally determined that the vast areas of the Heilongjiang and Ussuri river basins were Chinese territory was the Treaty of Nerchinsk.

15. The institutions established in the Ming and Qing dynasties to strengthen the royal power were the Factory Guard and the Military Aircraft Department. In the Qing Dynasty, in order to strengthen ideological control, literary inquisition was launched. The style of the imperial examination answer sheets during this period was the eight-legged essay. 16. The Chinese thinker who opposed autocratic imperial power was Huang Zongxi.

17. The Italian missionary Matteo Ricci was the one who drew "The Complete Map of Kunyu and All Nations". The Italian missionary who was a Chinese court painter and participated in the Western-style architectural design of the Old Summer Palace was Castiglione.

18. In 1553, it was Portugal that occupied Macau. It was the Netherlands that occupied Taiwan in the early 17th century. The hero who successfully recovered Taiwan was Zheng Chenggong. In 1793, the British envoy Macartney led a delegation to China. Its main purpose was to expand British overseas markets.

Unit 6 The wave of industrial civilization sweeping the world 1. In the mid-18th century, an industrial revolution in which machine production replaced manual labor began in the United Kingdom. The first industry to appear was the cotton textile industry, a new The invention and application of the power machine, the steam engine, brought human society into the steam age. 2. The 19th century is known as the "Century of Science". The earliest industrialized country in the world was the United Kingdom. The most prominent feature of the new stage of the Industrial Revolution was the widespread application of electricity in production and life, thus bringing mankind into the electrical age.

3. Compare the early stage of the industrial revolution and the new stage. The early stage of the industrial revolution. The main technological inventions and inventors of the new stage of the industrial revolution: the spinning jenny (Hargreaves), the steam engine (Watt ), steam locomotive (Stephenson) electric motor (Gram), principle of electromagnetic induction (Faraday), practical generator (Siemens), electric light (Edison), electric railways in Paris, movie projector, telephone (Bell), automobile (Ford), Aircraft (Wright Brothers) Leading countries in industrial development: the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany. Major industrial categories: textile industry, machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, mining, paper industry, transportation industry, electric power industry, steel industry, chemical industry, petroleum industry , the automobile industry 4. The assembly line production method appeared in the factory in "Modern Times", and the movie projector was invented. 5. The time when the world finally formed a whole. At the beginning of the 20th century, the main manifestations are: Field performance The economic world basically formed a unified market. Goods from various countries flowed in this huge market. Transportation rails extended all over the world, and a number of port cities were established in various countries. With development, population mobility has accelerated, and there has been an upsurge of overseas immigration. Cultural and cultural exchanges have become more extensive. The advanced ideas, science and technology, and lifestyles of industrial civilization have spread around the world. Some world-wide sports events have emerged, such as the Olympic Games 6, the Latin American Games 6 An independent country was Haiti, and Japan strengthened itself through the Meiji Restoration and became the first industrialized country in Asia.

Comprehensive question 1. Compare Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Ocean and Columbus’s voyages (1) Zheng He’s voyages farthest to: the Red Sea coast and the east coast of Africa. Columbus’s voyages to the farthest: America (2) Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Seas and What was the purpose of Columbus's voyage? The main purpose of Zheng He's voyages to the West was. 3. The classical Chinese translation of the records contained in the historical biographies is questionable

"...the records of several historical biographies are questionable, and those who fail to do so according to the commentaries of the previous Confucian scholars should study carefully and think carefully. If you gain something leisurely, you will steal your own ideas and follow them." "The original text should be from the "Tongkao of Documents" written by Ma Duanlin, a famous historian in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The passage in the article talks about his spirit of "examining" ancient times.

Zai Zhu: "Shu Zhi" = "Zai Zhu" ” = “contained in”, recorded in...

Translation of this paragraph:

“...encountered records that were recorded in historical books and biographies but were questionable, After studying the works and literary theories of ancient Confucian scholars but still not having a proper explanation, I will study it carefully and think deeply. Gradually I will gain insights, and I will privately annotate my opinions later. ” 4. The history of classical Chinese

Wrong

“Classical Chinese” is relative to “vernacular”, but different from “vernacular”.

Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period During this period, items for recording text had not yet been invented. Bamboo slips, silk and other materials were used to record text. Silk was expensive, bamboo slips were bulky and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more words on "one roll" of bamboo slips, To do things, unimportant words need to be deleted.

It can be said that "classical Chinese" is the earliest "compression" format of written records in the world.

Later, "paper" became popular. When used on a large scale, the ruling class's use of "official documents" has been finalized, and the use of "classical Chinese" has evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.

The first "wen" means written articles. "Yan" means writing, expressing, recording, etc. "Classical Chinese" means written language. "Classical Chinese" is relative to "oral language", and "oral language" is also called "vernacular". The last "wen", It means works, articles, etc., indicating the type of literature.

"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language" and "vernacular Chinese" means: "using commonly used direct language." "An article written in Bai's spoken language".

In ancient my country, to express the same thing in spoken language and written language were different. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you use The spoken language expression is "Have you eaten?" ”, and to express it in written language, it is “Do you want rice?” ". "Fanfou" refers to classical Chinese. Here, the word "Fan" is used as a verb, meaning to eat. In ancient my country, all articles were written in written language.

Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"