Basic approaches to ecological management of karst peak-cluster depression

1. Carry out regional investigation and study.

By combining remote sensing technology with field investigation, the natural conditions such as geology, landform, climate, soil, vegetation, hydrology and so on in the peak-cluster depression were investigated. Investigate the distribution and area of land use types in the region, especially the type, area and distribution of sloping farmland; Investigate the species, distribution, environmental conditions and yield of plants and crops; Investigate the distribution, development and utilization of water resources and the shortage of production and domestic water; Investigate disasters and environmental problems such as soil erosion, rocky desertification and waterlogging; Investigate the population, humanistic economy, cultural status, development history and living habits of residents.

2. Land consolidation and three-dimensional ecological agriculture development of degraded ecosystem in karst mountain areas.

Karst peak-cluster depression is an extremely degraded ecosystem, with extremely poor land, poor physical and chemical structure and serious soil erosion. In this extremely degraded ecosystem, the natural restoration of vegetation is an extremely long and difficult process.

The first step of ecological reconstruction in extremely degraded areas is land consolidation. According to the principles of ecology and eco-economics, we seek an ecological plan for the coordination between human activities and nature, and control soil erosion and curb the trend of rocky desertification by adjusting the land use structure. Implement the organic combination of biological measures, engineering measures, farming measures and management measures, carry out comprehensive management of mountains, water, fields, forests and roads, and form a multi-objective, multi-level, multi-functional and efficient comprehensive prevention and control system.

Land consolidation in peak-cluster depression mainly focuses on improving land quality, which involves not only the overall adjustment of mountains, water, fields, forests and roads, but also the transformation of irrigation system and soil quality. Another measure to improve land quality is to build a slope-to-ladder project, increase the soil of stone steps and improve the soil of low-and medium-yield fields. On the basis of soil fertility analysis, increase the application of related fertilizers.

Practice shows that developing three-dimensional ecological agriculture is a successful way to adjust the industrial structure of peak-cluster depression. The specific content of three-dimensional ecological agriculture varies from place to place. For example, the three-dimensional eco-agricultural model (Jiang Zhongcheng, 200 1) in Nongla peak cluster depression in Guangxi is a successful example. Its basic point is to rationally allocate forestry and agricultural structure according to topography, give consideration to economic development and ecological environment construction, and make rational use of land resources. The technical key to develop three-dimensional ecological agriculture is the scientific layout of crops in each section.

3. Develop karst water resources with karst basin as a unit.

Water resources have always been one of the main problems that plague karst peak-cluster depressions. Due to the double-layer structure of "above ground and underground", rainfall quickly seeps into the ground through pipes and cracks, resulting in the distribution pattern of "soil is upstairs and water is downstairs", making it difficult to use water, and even drinking water for people and animals is often not satisfied. Therefore, water control is the leader of ecological reconstruction in peak-cluster depression and must be given priority.

The development of karst water includes underground river water, water storage structure water and surface karst water, but all of them need to build water storage and utilization projects. The water storage and utilization project is an effective measure and the fundamental method to solve the contradiction of rainy and water shortage. The construction of water storage and utilization projects must be adapted to local conditions, with karst water sources, underground rivers to extract groundwater, wells with groundwater to lift water, and large pools with spring water.

However, under the current technical conditions, it is difficult to completely solve the problem of water shortage in karst rocky mountainous areas. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen supporting construction of water-saving irrigation facilities.

4. Returning farmland to forests, closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation and planting trees

The key point is to combine these forestry projects and cultivate and develop famous plant resources according to different geological backgrounds and environmental conditions. The investigation and study of plants show that there are rich plant species in karst mountain areas in southwest China, which is one of the centers of plant endemic phenomena and an important area for plant diversity research in the world.

There are also many famous plants with high economic value in karst mountainous areas, such as specialty fruits, precious medicinal materials and other high-efficiency economic crops. These plants are abundant in the Rocky Mountain area, but good management techniques are needed to obtain high quality and high yield. Some plants can gradually develop from natural collection, artificial cultivation and variety improvement to intensive management.

5. develop biogas as an alternative energy source and realize the trinity of "breeding-biogas-planting"

Developing biogas is an important measure for ecological reconstruction of peak-cluster depression. Developing biogas is the key to solve the problem of energy shortage in rural areas, which can promote the sustainable development of economy, improve rural sanitary conditions and improve the quality of living environment. To develop biogas, we must get rid of the misunderstanding of "developing biogas for biogas", combine the development of biogas with returning farmland to forests, closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, planting trees and developing aquaculture, and take the development road of "farming-biogas-planting".

In the development of biogas in the trinity, breeding is the key, biogas is the link, and planting is the leader. The development of biogas must be combined with the transformation of pigsty, toilet, kitchen, waterway and sanitary environment to realize the sustainable development of society. There must be a set of effective measures to develop biogas, so that "one breath" can promote "diversity": more income, changed environment, green barren hills and fertile fields.

6. Ecological migration

Ecological migration is a very effective measure for ecological reconstruction of peak-cluster depressions in rocky desertification areas with very bad environmental conditions. It can reduce the pressure of population on karst ecological environment, expand the living space of residents, improve the income level of residents, realize the effective allocation of resources and promote the economic development in different places and local areas. The problems in ecological migration include: the object of migration, the choice of migration place, the mode of migration, the construction of migration place, migration policy and the restoration and reconstruction of ecological environment in migration place.

7. Farmers' cultural education and scientific and technological training

The population density of karst peak-cluster depression in southwest China is high, so controlling the population and improving the population quality are the prerequisites for restoring ecology and developing economy.

Improving population quality includes cultural quality and scientific and technological quality. On the one hand, it is necessary to widely publicize the importance, urgency, long-term and arduousness of ecological reconstruction in the peak-cluster depression, enhance the understanding of cadres and masses in the governance area in many ways, and consciously participate in the governance work; On the other hand, it is necessary to carry out relevant technical training to improve the professional level of farmers' economic development and ecological construction.