Historical evolution of health care center system

The Prime Minister of Yuan Dynasty first put forward the suggestion of "Wei Suo". In the seventeenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1384), military guards were set up in various military locations throughout the country. A guard has 5600 troops, followed by thousands of households, hundreds of households, general flags and flags. Houses are owned by the Governor's Office and the Ministry of War of the Fifth Army. You can send them out if you have something to do, and you can return them if you have nothing to do. The implementation of this law requires a household registration system, which can ensure the number of troops to maintain the operation of the medical system.

In the Ming Dynasty, the garrison system actually absorbed China's historical experience in farming farmland, and it was a system of building the army by combining soldiers with farmers and guarding farmland. Zhu Yuanzhang said: "I raise a million soldiers without spending a grain of rice on the people."

Military households, that is, the household registration type belongs to military households. There are two sources in the early stage, one is the original military household in the Yuan Dynasty, and the other is the active military household further established after compiling the Yellow Book in the 21st year of Hongwu (1388). Military families are hereditary and strictly managed, so it is difficult to get rid of military status. Generally speaking, it is impossible to get rid of the army unless Ding tries his best and someone in his family becomes a senior official or the emperor is exempted. Despite this, the number of military families is still decreasing. Pang advocated: "it is the most urgent task at present to check the hidden occupation, even the grain quantity, and reclaim wasteland." Therefore, there is a way to let those who have been exiled for crimes enter the army. This method is called Enjun or Immortal Army. The main obligation of military households is to send a young man to the health center as a soldier and call him a regular army, while other children are called Yu Bing or Yu Bing. Regular troops going to health centers must be accompanied by at least one surplus soldier to help them live. Due to the heavy burden of military households, the regular army is exempted from all officers by giving them more land, and the redundant soldiers and Ding Yi under their background can also be exempted from officers to ensure their livelihood and provide for the regular army. For example, the founder of Luo religion, who influenced all folk secret religions, was originally a garrison soldier, and later found someone to replace him before retiring.

Most of the soldiers are far away from their native places and scattered to prevent desertion, but the long journey and acclimatization have brought a lot of pain to the soldiers. When serving in a health center, regular troops must take their wives with them to settle down and have children. Every soldier has a house, a field and a fixed monthly salary, but the actual situation is often insufficient. When marching, when rationing food, clothes must be provided, and weapons are produced by the state through craftsmen. The non-commissioned officers in the battalion are divided into two parts: garrison and wasteland reclamation, and the proportion is uncertain. They take turns on time and regularly hand over farmland to the garrison troops and officials. The goal is to improve the military strength without consuming the country's financial resources. However, after Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, it often happened that health officials invaded the fields of military camps and farmed soldiers privately, and this goal was gradually difficult to achieve.

Generally speaking, when the army dies, it will be supplemented by the able-bodied men at home. However, due to the chaos of war and the large number of deserters, deserters appeared in the early years of Hongwu. By November of the third year of Hongwu, there were 47,986 fugitives, so there were methods such as "root compensation" and "hook compensation". The root cause is to recapture deserters, and the hook treatment is supplemented by Ding Conghu. However, this not only disturbed the people, but also disturbed the officials. Some officials used this to corrupt and persecute the people and make the village miserable. Deserters are on the increase.

After three years of orthodoxy (1438), 1633664 government troops fled. At this time, the recruitment began.

In the 14th year of Zheng De's reign, Wang Qiong, a senior official of the official department, wrote: "Every year, there are no fewer than 16,700 official flags stationed in the capitals of the world, and no one can match the garrison. I was sent out from Hongwu and Yongle years, married and had children outside for more than 30 years, and lived a life of family business and military contacts, and I couldn't escape. "

In the eighth year of Jiajing, Chen Gui announced that there were only 970,000 soldiers in the world. In addition to the factors of life, the escape of non-commissioned officers is also related to low social status. In the early Ming Dynasty, soldiers were paid more attention to because of the need of force. After a long time, force is no longer important, and the status of soldiers is greatly reduced. In addition, the image of soldiers is even lower. During Jiajing period, the number of non-commissioned officers who escaped from some health centers reached about 70% of the registered non-commissioned officers. By the beginning of16th century, the number of fugitive noncommissioned officers in some health centers reached 80%, and only half of them were stationed in many border areas.

During the Jiajing period, the border was seriously affected and soldiers were badly needed, so the court changed to the recruitment system. Conscription is different from garrison, it is not hereditary, and it comes and goes relatively freely. However, because the recruitment system destroyed the idea of "separation of soldiers and generals" in the early guard system, the cabinet had to delegate the military power to the generals, and the Ming Dynasty could not fully control the military power, especially Qi Jiguang's "Qi Jiajun", and centralization gradually became the power of individual officers.