Can a black man be called a black man?

Hehe, like Jamaica and America, black players are particularly outstanding, right? I found it for you

People and sports

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Source: China Sports Science and Technology 200 1 No.1 1 No.6 Author: Li Liyan

Through the study of historical documents, this paper analyzes the world distribution, ethnic and social factors of human beings, as well as the biological characteristics affected by the differences in human sports performance. Key words: race, sociology, anthropology, history, sports, relationship influence China Library classification number: G80-05.

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1 Introduce the competition rules. If the society "legislates", it should fully embody "fairness". "In a broad sense, the sports rules of both sides of the competition are very fair, but they cannot be absolutely fair. The reason is that the motion "LC”* * * only considers the absolute value of the difference and does not consider the relative difference. Therefore, due to the development of national characteristics, it has become a direct factor to some extent. This paper discusses this phenomenon.

The racial composition of human beings has different morphological characteristics from the products of deep evolutionary characteristics of different races. Broadly speaking, human species can be divided into three adults and multiple branches (table 1). From "black" to "white" to "Mongolian", and then there are some transitional races (Table 2). Race is the result of the interaction of "nature", "nationality" and "culture", and the distribution of race also has its important characteristics. A country does not unify all races and nationalities, and different geographical spaces have different races. For example, Africa is mainly black, Europe is based on the European race, and Asia, especially East Asia, North Asia and Mongolia, is based on this. Of the more than 5 billion people in the world, Mongolians account for about 4 1% of the total population, whites and blacks account for about 43%-Australians only account for 16%. In every branch of adult species or race, there are a large number of ethnic groups, some of which are formed by the fusion and mixed blood of two or more ethnic groups. The regional population distribution is extremely unbalanced, accounting for 58% in Asia, 0/7% in Europe, 0/4% in America, 0/0.5% in Africa and only 0.5% in Oceania.

Because of the "regional difference" in form, the "height" difference of the competition is also different. Anthropological research concluded: "The regional difference is that the average height of the global population is 404 1cm, and the Black Congo Basin (African pygmies) is the shortest, with an average height of141cm; The tallest is a black man in the southeast of Lake Chad in Africa, with an average height of 182 cm. The shortest population in the world are the pygmies in Africa, the pygmies in Southeast Asia and the Bushmen in South Africa. The most populous black people north of the tropical forest boundary, some groups, Scots, Polynesians in the Marquesas Islands. "

Gaoyou race, a famous anthropologist, Roginski, whose anthropometric data is based on logarithmic [1] distribution. "The average height of all mankind is about 165cm for men and 154cm for women, and the average height difference between men and women is 8 1 1cm." Said: "Short stature (less than 160cm) is the northernmost person in Europe, Asia Manxi the United States. The characteristics of Eskimos are found in many groups in East Asia and Southeast Asia (many ethnic groups in Japan, India, Indo-China Peninsula and Indonesia). In Central and South America, it is also speculated that there are short-term tall people (170cm or more) in Northern Europe (Norway, Sweden), Balkans, Caucasus, northwestern India and North America. "

[1] Obviously, in anthropology, there are characteristics of different races and different nationalities have different heights. The highest black race and white race and their variants, while Asians are of medium height. Due to the formation of geography and climate, there are high ethnic differences. Due to the Neolithic Age, due to the continuous migration of population and the geographical characteristics of mixed races, the height of the nation began to blur. The morphological characteristics of ethnic migration have led to the same tendency, resulting in various varieties, such as the emergence of Ethiopian hybrids, which is the highest African race. The game was played in black, but the color with red components has turned to reddish brown. According to research, this game is unique to the mainland. Anthropologists say: "Ethiopians living in the Horn of Africa, North Africa, Ethiopia and Somalia are a mixed type of Europeans and blacks, whites and blacks."

[2] According to the determination of human fossils in North Africa, "the most important fossil material found in Algeria-the skeleton of an absolute Farutafu Larte, a Kroma farmer who was roughly the same as a Faro in 8850 BC, regardless of height, the average height of a Faro is 177.7 cm, and the average height of a Tower Folard is177.7 cm. Well, anthropologists found height characteristics in human bones near Fort Shehryar in sub-Saharan Africa (north of the bend of the Niger River). An important early black man revealed: "The skull is very long and narrow (the skull index is 70.9), the forehead is flat, the eyebrow growth medium is 170 cm long, and the limbs are slender." However, in Kenya and Tanzania, Paleolithic human bones were found in East Africa. Yes, the height is 65500. The skeletal characteristics are "very tall, narrow face, slightly prominent narrow jaw nose, long head shape and body height." In a word, these fossils nearly 65438+ million years ago are "species with some characteristics of Ethiopian heaviness."

[1] Many different races, such as faces with different morphological characteristics, high noses, eyes and so on. The morphological characteristics of the competition are the result of long-term adaptation to the natural environment. Different ethnic patterns, different forms and different natural environments determine the ability of the competition to adapt to the environment. For example, the white race and its high nose bridge come from the alpine region of northern Europe, which is conducive to receiving sunlight and resisting cold air, while the black race has a wide nose and thick lips, which is conducive to the heat exchange and diffusion of air from the equatorial temperature environment; Another example is the Mongolian "shovel teeth", which is beneficial to rely on plants (fruits, leaves, stems, etc. ) from the temperate characteristics, it is a living. All these skills, we can't ignore the racial differences, and we can't ignore the racial differences in form and behavior. Everyone has his own ethnology, and everyone's form and behavior are bound to be regulated by his ethnology, especially sports. The ultimate limit of ability is always to limit people's ability. Different effects

Climate resources occur at the climax of ethnic differences, because "environment" and "environmental" factors will be used for "temperature" is the most prominent. Whether in Europe or East Asia, the rise of latitude and height from south to north means an upward trend. For example, the racial trend in northern Europe >: western Europe > southern Europe > the height of the Arab region. South American Indians and Africans have opposite physical characteristics. The higher the average height, the south of the equator. Stimson (1990) correlation analysis also showed that temperature, air humidity and rainfall were negatively correlated with body shape (height and weight), while sunshine and annual maximum temperature changes were positively correlated with body shape. In other words, people who live in the bustling crowd are in warm and humid areas, and their physique is low, while more people live in cold areas. The population in this area has a large temperature difference with sufficient sunshine, and the higher the physique. Animals also have the same proof. For example, the tiger's research shows that "different geographical populations need to cope with different climatic conditions and other conditions, which is often manifested in some adaptability differences between them." "The country of tigers, which used to be distributed continuously, is now divided into two subspecies: the northern tiger and the southern tiger are mainly distributed in the northeast of North China, with occasional Abel Liberia, forming a large and distinctive mark; South China tigers, mainly distributed in the south, are smaller and lighter. The change of markers shows different people in different regions, which is at least partially adaptive. Warm-blooded animals, individuals distributed at high latitudes tend to be larger, while individuals distributed at low latitudes are usually smaller and more adaptable? Square of surface area? Among them, the individual increases and the volume cube increases, that is, the area ratio and volume decrease with the increase of animals, so that the distribution area of cold-blooded animals can be larger than the main body, which is conducive to survival. " [3] Animals are the same, so humans are the same, which is not difficult to confirm from the data in Tables 3 and 4. It is a reasonable explanation that northerners are taller than southerners. Because only tall people live with fever, this is why white people are tall, fair-skinned, and their eyes and hair color are light. The preservation temperature of people in cold regions only increases the volume, and only white light absorbs sunlight. According to the data in Table 3 and Table 4, it is worth mentioning that China people lag behind Americans in gender, height and weight. Americans sit with their heads high and the maximum width above them, which determines the athletic ability of China people. This will certainly affect the competitiveness of China and other Mongolians in speed (track and field) and resistance (swimming), and also provide convenience in balance. It is a significant difference between geography and climate, and there will be differences in human characteristics and morphology (tables 5 and 6).

Five different competitions are the only way to test the most primitive and basic biological and cultural abilities of human beings. Sports competition is the most typical "talent" competition. Take the Olympic Games as an example, the Olympic Games is the largest sports event in the world, which in turn limits the competitiveness of the competition. Different races, different abilities, naturally different achievements.

5. 1 The results of white race and sports are only the results of the 25th Olympic Games, which is enough to witness the racial differences and analyze them. At the Olympic Games, Chinese mainland's level as a representative of Asian sports is far lower than that of Europe and America (Table 7). Asian athletes only won 16.93% medals, far lower than America, Europe (54.48% and 20.49%) and Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania. Asia has a vast territory and a large population, accounting for about 50% of the world's total population, while the combined population of the United States and Europe is about one billion. That is to say, among the 8 15 medals, nearly 3 billion Asians can only get 16.93% medals, while only 20% of the European population got 74.97 percentage points of the total population. Europe has a small population, but excellent sports performance. According to statistics, from 65438 to 0975, there were about 7 million people, among whom the European population based on European race was very small (Table 8). This function is very important. European countries have achieved excellent results, which helps to explain the reasons for sports. As a Caucasian, he is 95.2 1 percentage point tall and has natural advantages in track and field, ball games, swimming and strength (such as throwing). Mixed-race and white Mongolians are of Asian descent (there is such a population in Eastern Europe), and their advantages in "absolute strength" events are guaranteed (such as weightlifting and wrestling). Little black dress (black) puts a lot of sports light into it, such as English, French, black 100m running football players.

5.2 Mongolians and sports show that most of the world's population is in Asia. Most of them belong to the Mongolian race in Asia. Compared with whites, Asians have prominent racial problems: small size, light weight, absolute strength and absolute speed are not dominant, and talents are concentrated in dexterity, mental skills and other related projects. In order to clarify the relationship between sports performance and competition, we analyzed and discussed the development of sports in China. From 1984 to 1996, China has always been the Asian country that won the most Olympic gold medals. China has its own advantages in track and field, table tennis, gymnastics, diving, women's volleyball and ethnology. This is a skill-based activity, with occasional light fitness activities. China weightlifting in the sports world, can not be said to have made sports achievements, strong body, the average European players are very powerful. Therefore, China athletes can participate in lightweight weightlifting, tennis, shooting and other advantageous events, which require low physical and intellectual requirements and high skills. The achievements of China athletes in the Olympic Games, in order to maximize their own national characteristics, are shown in Table 9. At the 23rd Olympic Games, China won medals in 15 events, of which the first 6 events won 15, and then won the 24th Olympic Games in 9 events, of which the first 3 events won 5 gold medals and the 25th Olympic Games won 15 medals, of which the first 7 events won15. As shown in Table 9, the characteristics are as follows: China's major events have the advantages of light weight, single player and less physical exertion, and mainly non-confrontational sports, including some antagonistic events with less antagonism and indirect forms and some lightweight fitness classes, which are very different from those in Europe and America. South Korea, Japan and China, due to racial restrictions, are also difficult to catch up with the absolute power and absolute speed events in Europe. It can be seen that sports performance and national level are technologically advanced, but some related economic wealth is not necessarily related, and more often it is related to race. black

You can't talk about the relationship between competition and sports on the field. Black people are a special phenomenon in ethnology and sports. In sports, black people show amazing talent. From sports to sports, from speed to endurance, from jumping to boxing, there have been groups of dazzling stars, so they lag far behind other races. In addition to long-distance running, black sports talents are increasingly concentrated in the United States, especially African-Americans. Whether it is track and field, basketball, Jordan, Tai Sen or boxing, they all represent the highest level of contemporary human sports.

Ethnic characteristics

6. 1 Black people's research on the "metabolic" state of black people found that black people have more sweat glands than white people, and black people "cool their skin faster than white people, and their sweating mechanism is more perfect. The room in the room is 37.8℃. After a series of specified actions, blacks sweat less than whites and the rectal temperature is lower. After staying at high temperature (76.5℃) for 15 minutes, the white sweat is 107 cubic centimeter and the black sweat is 170 cubic centimeter. The data shows that blacks have better thermal regulation function than whites in the case of overheating. In other words, the speed of black people returning to normal body temperature is faster than that of white people, and the sweat glands of African blacks are larger than those of Europeans. This proves that the percentage of black blood in copper is higher than that in Europe, which is due to the treatment of copper's catalytic effect on dopa in melanin formation. The temperature difference between people's ability to endure the drought surge in childhood has been exposed. For example, the dry and hot winds blowing from the Sahara to Senegal and Sudan have killed many white babies, but nothing particularly affects black babies. " [1] Body temperature is bound to rise during exercise. If a person can't regulate his body temperature correctly, the human body can't function normally, and the destruction of electrolyte balance will affect the normal function of the nervous system. In contrast, Mongolians and Europa are resistant to high temperature, so we should take a worse measure compared with black people in nigro: "The width of black population fissure is larger (relative to the size of face and head), it extends the surface of lip mucosa, which can accelerate the evaporation of water, make the intake air cool, and its service life is in tropical areas. The narrow and high head shape unique to tropical people is flat and wide, which is more suitable for the environment with strong solar radiation. " [1] On the contrary, whites, Mongolians and Germans do not have such advantages. Football, long-distance running and boxing, the talents of many black athletes, are not entirely due to economic and social phenomena, or more because of ethnic characteristics. 6.2 Black Americans immigrated to the American continent, and there was no black pre-colonial movement. Black people are mainly distributed in Asia, Africa, Australia and Arabia. India, which lives in America, belongs to Mongolian race or variety. African Americans are slaves to European businessmen (table 10). Immigrants from Africa to tall black people are mostly black. Black European colonists moved to America, not as immigrants and immigrants, but as laborers. When black people come to the United States, they will have a physical and sports foundation in the future, which is why black people in the United States are tall and obey this law from North America to South America. Black people in North America shine brilliantly in the racial integration of basketball, track and field and boxing. In South America, black people are not equal to football jumping. The highly developed economy and height growth in the United States are catalyzed by blacks. Speed? It is inseparable from the power supply, and it is also inseparable from the tall figure and the same rhythm. Tall athletes must run faster. In addition, the same is true of weightlifting and strength sports.

In the 100 meter race, the results of the event representing the speed limit of human beings show that the speed level is 6.3. 1988, Canadian black athlete Johnson set a world record of 9.94 seconds. 1989, African-American athlete L.Borrelly, who was only 20 years old, set a world record of 9 in the 100 meter race. Black athletes not only have the speed advantage of1July 30, 989, but also jump higher. Sotomayor, a Cuban black athlete, jumped over the bar of 2.44 meters and set a world record for the high jump. Sports ability is closely related to the characteristics of physiological blacks. Muscle biopsy shows that the proportion of muscle fibers in black athletes is higher than that in anaerobic breathing, so there is a lot of oxygen in their sprint stage. 150kg200kg black people's foot bending strength, while white people only have about 50kg. For the same leg, the black extension clause is three to four times higher than ours. Therefore, black sprinters are invincible.

/& gt； 6.4 From its origin, the endurance of black people is manifested as black people who have lived in Africa for a long time and steadily.

The disadvantage is described as 6.5 "track and field" swimming in black water, which is the speed of both sides of the competition and also the endurance race. But in this event, blacks have no advantage, and few black athletes appear in high-level international competitions. Even if there is, most of them are mixed-race blacks, and their level is not high. Why is this? The characteristic of muscle structure is that for black people, the weight of white muscle in water is only 1.5g/cm3, while for black people it is 1 1.3g/cm3, which is somewhere in between for yellow people. So it is difficult to solve the problem of floating black. Black people do not have the same "talent" in weightlifting. There is a simple reason. The black type of competition is slender limbs, and the weight of the head and hands is equal to increasing the resistance and losing a lot. The ancient people in Bi Meng and the Mongolian-Europa mixed race in eastern Europe are much less-"five short stature", which is cylindrical and easy to lift weights and wrestle. Black people are no different, because they are slender/> Black people really like the mystery in sports performances and are deeply puzzled by human phenomena. 6.6 Sociological analysis, with a high center of gravity, is unstable and easily left behind.