Looking for the history of Dali, Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty, such as the situation in the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties before the conquest, and how Dali was conquered in the Ming Dynasty.

Although when the Ming Dynasty was established (the first year of Hongwu, 1368), Zhu Yuanzhang had already pacified the Central Plains and drove Emperor Yuan Shun to the north of the desert, replacing him as the supreme ruler of the Central Plains Dynasty. However, Yunnan, which is located in the southwest corner, is still under the control of the Yuan and Liang kings and is subordinate to the Mongolian "Northern Yuan" regime. The Liang king relied on the high mountains and high mountains in the frontier and the emperor's basic strength to manage Yunnan for hundreds of years. The Ming Dynasty took it seriously and continued to echo the remaining forces of the Yuan Dynasty in other regions. At that time, the main Mongol and Yuan forces in Yunnan were the Mongolian regime Liang Wang Bazaci Valmi and the descendant of the Dali king Duan Ming, the chief administrator of the Tuan clan. The King of Liang, with Kunming as the center of rule, and the Duan family of Dali, controlled the western Yunnan area. They all obeyed the instructions of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, but they were in a semi-union and semi-independent state. For vested interests, there were frequent conflicts between the Duan family and the Liang Wang regime. Disputes and even armed conflicts.

Zhu Yuanzhang also wanted to conquer Yunnan, but the territory of Yunnan was too difficult. In the southwestern Yi region, the Central Plains dynasties have been in a dilemma since the Qin and Han Dynasties - the so-called restraints and border officials in the Qin Dynasty were actually a piece of paper that turned a blind eye, and the political power was still controlled by the indigenous people; Xilou Chuan was nothing more than "talking on paper" and ended in nothing; Zhuge Liang during the Three Kingdoms period was extremely shrewd, and in dealing with the Yunnan issue, he ended up using barbarians to rule the barbarians; the Tang Dynasty seemed strong, but hundreds of thousands of Tang Dynasty troops attacked Yunnan , actually spilled blood on the banks of the Xi'er River several times, and was defeated by the Nanzhao Kingdom. Not only did they leave several "Tang Dynasty mass graves for soldiers", but they also made Bai Juyi feel sad for them and wrote a plaintive "Song of the Conquest of the Barbarians". Therefore, after thinking about it, Song Taizu had to "bear the pain and wave the jade axe, In the early years of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan not only conquered the Central Plains and marched into Europe and Asia, but also personally went to Yunnan to take command. He also sacrificed 100,000 soldiers and lost 100,000 soldiers. After a huge price of 400,000 war horses, the Dali Kingdom was defeated, returned to the Mongolian Yuan territory, and changed the Dali Kingdom into the Yunnan Province! ...For the Ming Dynasty, in order to conquer Yunnan, in addition to facing hundreds of thousands of Yuan troops stationed in Yunnan, backward transportation, high mountains and mountains, unfamiliarity with the land, difficulty in movement and other unfavorable factors, they also had to deal with all over the country. Native chief tribes across Yunnan. These tribes have their own armed forces. They have been kings of the mountains for a long time and are familiar with each other. They have annexed each other and jointly resisted external forces. Just like a wildfire on the mountain, it is extinguished here and a fire breaks out there. It is impossible to prevent it! Therefore, after several years of consideration, Zhu Yuanzhang has been hesitant and believed that "Yunnan is remote and it is not suitable to bother troops." For this reason, Taizu of the Ming Dynasty sent envoys seven times to Dian to summon the King of Liang, striving to resolve the Yunnan issue in a peaceful manner. However, the King of Liang relied on his remoteness, and the Ming Dynasty had no choice but to not only refuse to submit, but also humiliated and killed the Ming Dynasty envoys several times. Zhu Yuanzhang surrendered politically, and his strategy of peaceful unification of Yunnan failed. In anger, he had to take the last resort and conquer by force: "Yunnan has been a barbarian in the southwest since the past, and officials were appointed in the Han Dynasty. Valmi and others relied on the danger and became unruly and stubborn. They sent envoys to give advice and were often harmed. If they were guilty and hidden, they would be punished. "This happened in September of the 14th year of Hongwu (AD 1381), not far from Mingtai. It had been thirteen years since his ancestor Nanjing proclaimed himself emperor. At this time, the Ming Dynasty had strong troops and strong horses, and its position was consolidated. The time to pacify Yunnan was becoming increasingly mature.

On the first day of September in the fourteenth year of Hongwu (1381), Zhu Yuanzhang issued an edict to mobilize various armies to gather in the capital to obey orders. Taizu of the Ming Dynasty chose an auspicious day and personally inspected the troops at a large military camp called Liushuwan Gaoshikan outside the Forbidden City. He set up an altar to drink wine and cheer for the soldiers. Subsequently, the Marquis of Yingchuan, Fu Youde, who was good at conquering and fighting, was appointed as the general for the southern expedition, Marquis of Yongchang, Lan Yu, as the left deputy general, and Xiping Hou Muying as the right deputy general. They commanded an army of 300,000 people and set out overnight from Nanjing (high stone ridge in Liushu Bay). Advance into Yunnan. Before leaving, Zhu Yuanzhang was worried, and based on the military geographical situation in the southwest, he personally formulated an advance strategy: "From Yongning, I sent Xiao General to lead an army to Wusa, and the army followed from Chen and Yuan to Puding, divided the key points, and then marched. Qujing. Qujing is the enemy of Yunnan. They will join forces here to resist our division. They will review the situation and win by surprise. After descending from Qujing, the three generals will advance to Wusa to respond to Yongning's division. Go straight to Yunnan. If you are tired of fighting against each other, you will be defeated. Now that Yunnan is conquered, it is better to divide your troops and move towards Dali. The enemy has already gained momentum and is about to collapse. You can send envoys and edicts without bothering the troops. "The army of the Ming Dynasty left Nanjing. They first took large ships up the Yangtze River, crossed the 800-mile Dongting Lake, and then embarked on land from Wuling. Then they followed the eastbound highway (Tongjing Avenue) through Xiangxi and into Guizhou. , passing through Shengjingguan, which stands at the junction of Yunnan and Guizhou, and traveled nearly ten thousand miles. A hundred days later, in December, on a day when the north wind was howling, the main force of the Ming army successfully arrived in Qujing, Yunnan. The most famous Battle of Baishijiang in the history of Yunnan during the Ming Dynasty broke out!

Qujing is the only place from the Central Plains to Yunnan. Baishi River is a tributary of Nanpan River. It is wide and turbulent, with a total length of 30 miles. It protects the north and south wings of Qujing Bazi from east to west, becoming a natural barrier in the north of Qujing. The terrain in the Baishijiang area is surrounded by mountains and hills to the south, north and west. To the east is Yunnan's fourth largest basin, Qujing Bazi.

Learning that the Ming army was approaching Qujing, King Yuanliang hurriedly sent minister Situ Pingzhang Dalima to command 100,000 elite troops and stationed them on the south bank of the Baishi River in the northern suburbs of Qujing City to fight the invading enemy. When the main force of the Ming army arrived more than ten miles away from the Baishi River, a heavy fog suddenly appeared on the wide river. The thick fog first rolled and spread on the river like cotton snowballs, and then floated up the river bank, over the trees, and fell on the river. The vast fields quickly spread out, and suddenly the world became hazy, making it difficult to see anything beyond a few meters. The Ming army was overjoyed. Taking advantage of the cover of heavy fog, they quietly sneaked into the north bank of the Baishi River to set up formations. Suddenly, there was an order, and the golden drums along the Jiangbei line were blaring, and the shouts were loud, as if there were thousands of troops coming to kill! Dalima, the commander-in-chief of the Yuan army, was unprepared and in a hurry, and quickly ordered to fight in a panic. Lan Yu, who had been on the battlefield for a long time, ordered the whole army to sound gold and beat drums to cross the river. On the other hand, he sent some warriors who were good at traveling to "raise flags and drums, cross from the upper stream first, follow the mountains and come out of the formation, blow the copper horns to To make a show of force, in the deep valleys of mountains and forests, they set up flags to serve as suspects." As expected, the Yuan army fell into the trap and urgently ordered the rear army to adjust to the front army to defend against the enemy. Commander Fu Youde took advantage of the situation and "led his troops into battle, firing arrows and stones together, and the shouts shook the sky and the earth. After the battle, (Mu) Ying used his iron cavalry to attack the stronghold, and the enemy was invincible. He was defeated, and Dalima was captured alive. Their soldiers are numerous!" This wonderful description in "Records of Taizu of the Ming Dynasty" is a true portrayal of the Battle of Baishijiang. The Battle of Baishijiang was the first major battle of the Ming Dynasty in Yunnan. There are monuments to the Ming army's military achievements on the river bank. The ruins left by the battle can be found along the Baishi River.

In the Battle of Baishijiang, there were mountains of corpses and rivers of blood. Most of the main military force of King Yuan and Liang was lost. Qujing is the eastern gateway of Yunnan and an important land and water transportation route. The Ming army occupied Qujing, which was equivalent to strangling Yunnan's throat and opening the door into Yunnan. After cleaning up the Baishijiang battlefield, the Ming army made great efforts and divided the main army into two: one was led by Lan Yu and Mu Ying, and went straight to Kunming, the provincial capital, and went straight to the lair of Liang Wang Bazaci Valmi; the other was personally led by Fu Youde , sent his troops north to Usa to cope with another Ming army. On the 22nd, King Liang learned that Dalima had defeated Qujing and hurriedly fled to Jinning Prefecture near Dian Lake. The Ming army was advancing step by step. King Liang knew that Kunming could not be saved and the fate of the Yuan Dynasty was at stake. After saying goodbye to all his ministers in tears, he led more than a hundred of his family members, concubines, and confidants to the Dianchi Island to commit suicide by drowning themselves! On the 23rd, Lan Yu and Mu Ying led their troops to the outskirts of Kunming. Yuan Youcheng Guanfu surrendered, and the Ming army occupied Kunming without spending a single soldier. After that, Lan Yu dispatched Cao Zhen, Wang Bi, and Jin Chaoxing to lead 20,000 troops and continued southward to conquer Lin'an Prefecture (Tonghai, Hexi, and Jianshui).

At the junction of Tonghe Bazi and Xinxing Prefecture (Yuxi), there is a place called Qutuoguan. Historical records: "Qutuoguan, also known as Wansongying, and named Xiulabu in the Yuan Dynasty, is located 20 miles north of Hexi County. It overlooks the sea in the east, Taoyuan in the south, Xi'e (Eshan) in the west, and Jiangchuan in the north. The mountain shape It is steep and steep, twenty miles from the mainland to the top. Its top is flat, with thirty-eight sweet springs in the middle, surrounded by four hundred hills, lush green forests, and the scenery of mountains and waters to the south. It is incomparable... Its sun is quite flat, and it is They are very dangerous, and they are all important passes and passages. They were built in the Yuan and Ming dynasties..." Qutuoguan, with an altitude of 2,200 meters, is majestic and dangerous, and has a dangerous terrain. It has always been a battleground for military strategists. It is located at the junction of Xinxing (Yuxi), Ashan, Hexi (Tonghai) and Jiangchuan counties. It looks like a big chair and stands majestically in the northwest corner of Tonghe Bazi. It is surrounded by three mountains and a large piece of flat land. The sunny side is open and flat, and can accommodate thousands of troops and horses to be stationed. The shady side is extremely steep, as sharp as a knife, making it impossible to walk or climb. At that time, Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, personally led an army to pacify Yunnan and destroy the Dali Kingdom, during which Kublai Khan once stayed here. Subsequently, the Yuan and Mongolia regime established Yunnan Province in Kunming and Lin'an Road in Tonghai (Hexi). Soon, due to the needs of counterinsurgency and external military defense against Burma and Jiaozhi (Vietnam), a "Lin'an Post Office" was established under the province and above the road government at Qutuoguan to supervise the movements of military and civilians in central, eastern and southern Yunnan. , Guangxi, Yuanjiang and other places, Xuanwei Sidu Marshal's Mansion", commanding large areas in central, eastern and southern Yunnan. Immediately afterwards, the 100,000-strong army of the Shanxi-Shaanxi "15th Wing" was ordered to march from Xi'an Prefecture, Shaanxi Province into Yunnan, and came here to guard Qutuo Pass. These farmers' soldiers who were urgently recruited from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanxi, and Shaanxi provinces were collectively organized into Suwei, sentry guards, escorts, and rear guards, and were stationed at Qutuoguan, Dacun, Xiaocun, Liuli Mountain, Qilu Mountain, Tatar camp and other places, and went abroad to participate in the war in Champa State (Saigon). Qutuo Pass is not only the residence of the Marshal's Mansion of the Mongolian government and an important pass in central Yunnan, but also the gateway to Lin'an Mansion.

Kunming was defeated and the Ming army marched south. The main force of the Blue Jade army was intercepted here and met in a narrow road with another main force of the Yuan army stationed in the Marshal's Mansion in Guandu, Qutuo. A continuous battle took place. For more than half a month, 80,000 soldiers fought a life-and-death battle. Under the personal command of Marshal Zhantan, more than 50,000 people from the Yuan Army's "15th Wing" who had been stationed here for many years used the majestic and dangerous Qutuo Pass as a natural barrier to confront the Ming army. The armies of the Yuan and Ming dynasties launched a bloody battle here, with corpses of dead soldiers from both sides littering the fields. In the end, the Yuan army had few major generals, lost support, ran out of ammunition and food, and the entire army was wiped out. You Chenglan Hague was captured alive, and Marshal Zhantan committed suicide to show his loyalty.

The military town of Yunnan in the Yuan Dynasty, which was "full of markets and prosperous for a while", and the last powerful military fortress, Marshal Qutuo Guandu's Mansion, was destroyed by the ruthless fire and was instantly razed to a piece of scorched earth, leaving only the mountains and plains covered with mountains and plains. The remains of the soldiers who fought in the war, the smoke rising from the "burning grounds" cemeteries everywhere, and a small number of Mongolian soldiers who survived after fleeing!

In the second month of the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), Dali, the backyard of the Duan family, was captured by the Ming army. Duan Ming, the twelfth Duan family manager, was captured without hesitation. Just half a year later, Yunnan's country changed hands and returned to the Ming Dynasty. In order to develop the southwest and consolidate border defense, Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty ordered the establishment of the Yunnan Capital Command Department and the Yunnan Chief Envoy Department in Kunming, the capital of Yunnan Province, to manage Yunnan's military and political affairs, and to deal with the matter of taking over Yunnan. According to the order, members of the Mongolian Liangwang Group were The family members of the Liang family, upper-level officials of the Yuan and Meng Dynasties, and the leaders of the Duan family of Dali were all escorted to the north and handed over to the court for disposal; the remaining forces of the Yuan Dynasty and the local forces in Dali were wiped out, and hundreds of thousands of Mongolian captive soldiers were demobilized and resettled on the spot; a new regime of the Ming Dynasty was established Organization; set up garrison posts in strategic military areas and garrison troops for garrison. Later, in March of the seventeenth year of Hongwu (1384), Fu Youde and Lan Yu led part of the southern army to return to the court, leaving Mu Ying to continue to guard Yunnan.