The poorest area in Leshan

The poor rural areas and the poor population in Sichuan are characterized by "large dispersion and small concentration", covering almost the whole province. It is concentrated in the Tibetan and Qiang areas in the northwest of Sichuan (Ganzi Prefecture and Aba Prefecture), the old Liangshan area in Panxi (Liangshan Prefecture, Panzhihua City and Leshan City), and the Qinba Mountain area in the north of Sichuan (Mianyang City, Guangyuan City, Bazhong City, Dazhou City, Nanchong City and Guang 'an City). By 2004, there were 14 172 poverty-stricken villages in Sichuan province, with 950,000 people needing to help the poor and relocate, absolute poverty population19.76 million people, low-income poverty population of 4.6 million people, drinking water difficulty population 10000 people, and 59 townships and towns. In poverty-stricken areas, 57,865,438+100,000 mu of medium and low-yield fields and115/kloc-0.45 million mu of grassland are seriously desertified, degraded and rodent infested. Among the poor, the proportion of illiterate and semi-illiterate adults is 14. 15%, and there are doctors 1.24 per thousand people.

2. Natural, economic, social and cultural characteristics of geographical location.

(1) natural features. Most poverty-stricken areas in Sichuan are located in deep mountains, rocky mountains and plateau areas. These areas have complex topography, harsh natural geographical conditions, fragile ecological environment, complex climate and frequent natural disasters. The specific performance is: 1 harsh geographical environment and little cultivated land resources. The poor people live in mountainous areas, plateaus and some hilly plateau areas, where the total amount of land resources is small, the quality of land is poor, the land is barren, and most of the soil layers are thin and the soil quality is poor, which is not suitable for farming. The cultivated land is mainly steep slopes, and the quality of cultivated land is not high and the yield is low. In recent years, land desertification and soil erosion are serious, which leads to the decrease of rural cultivated land area year by year, and the per capita land possession is low and showing a downward trend. The contradiction between population and land is very prominent. The shortage of water resources, insufficient water resources, uneven distribution in time, region and population. Among the existing land resources in poverty-stricken areas, the area of high-quality cultivated land with abundant water resources and complete irrigation and drainage facilities is small, environmental pollution is serious, vegetation destruction and soil erosion increase agricultural risks and the difficulty of poverty alleviation in poverty-stricken areas. The ecological environment is fragile or even bad, and natural disasters occur frequently. Most poverty-stricken areas in Sichuan are in ecologically sensitive areas. The so-called ecological sensitive area refers to the transition zone and transition zone between two or more ecological environments with obvious differences. Its most typical feature is its strong sensitivity to changes in environmental factors, which will lead to a significant decline or even disappearance of land productivity due to changes in its environment or landscape. In many poor areas, the drought is very serious and the rainfall is small, mainly in summer; Or the surface water source can't be used, and the karst terrain causes serious surface water infiltration. In some areas, it is very difficult for people and animals to drink water because of ten years and nine droughts. Some poverty-stricken areas have cold climate, less sunshine, short frost-free period and serious shortage of effective accumulated temperature, which is not suitable for agricultural planting. There are also some areas with high mountains and steep slopes, serious soil erosion and frequent disasters. These harsh ecological environments have brought difficulties to the survival of local farmers, and excessive reclamation and deforestation have further worsened the ecological environment in poor areas. Vegetation destruction, water storage, groundwater, river water level decline year by year, serious soil erosion makes the soil layer barren, nutrient loss, reduced production capacity, forming a vicious circle of "getting poorer and poorer". Although remarkable achievements have been made in the protection and construction of ecological environment in poverty-stricken areas in Sichuan in recent years, due to the lack of alternative resources except natural resources in these areas, the phenomena of over-logging, over-reclamation of land and over-grazing of grassland still exist, and extensive economic growth still dominates the local economy. Natural resources are abundant, but the degree of development and utilization is low. Most poverty-stricken areas in Sichuan are relatively rich in natural resources, such as energy resources, mineral resources, biological resources and tourism resources, which have great development potential. However, due to the constraints of capital, technology and other factors, the utilization rate of natural resources in poor areas is very low, and most of them are still idle. The natural resources that have been used are almost exhausted due to predatory development, and their regeneration ability is poor. Due to the restrictions of policies, funds, technology and culture, the current ecological construction has not achieved satisfactory results and has not formed a virtuous circle of society, economy and ecology. The pressure of ecological reconstruction is still heavy.

(2) Economic characteristics. The industrial structure in poverty-stricken areas in Sichuan is very unreasonable, the proportion of primary industry is too high, and the production mode is backward. Agricultural production in poverty-stricken areas in Sichuan is mainly manifested in low-level flat farming, that is, low-quality producers and operators rely on traditional simple farming techniques and management methods, focusing on the increase of population and physical labor, which is intuitively manifested in the simple capacity exchange process between hoes, plows and animal power, and even slash-and-burn production methods are still relatively common in some poverty-stricken areas of ethnic minorities. Production technology has been backward for a long time, and extensive farming can only maintain simple reproduction, resulting in a serious shortage of production stamina. 1 The industrial structure is single, and the industries in poor areas are mainly traditional agriculture. The agricultural output value and employment in poverty-stricken areas in Sichuan account for more than half of the total output value and employment respectively. Agriculture is mainly based on planting and aquaculture, and planting is mainly based on grain production. The development of secondary and tertiary industries and other industries in the primary industry lags behind, and a large number of rural surplus labor forces cannot be transferred. In poor areas, agriculture occupies a special and important position in the county, and it is still the main employment channel and income source in the county, while the economic activities of other departments are more or less related to agricultural production. 2. Economic self-sufficiency and semi-self-sufficiency, low degree of commercialization and weak market competitiveness. Due to the low level of commodity economy development, unreasonable industrial structure, more agricultural products and less industrial products in poor areas; There are many products with low technology content and few products with high technology content. They didn't turn their resource advantages into commodity advantages and lacked market competitiveness. The level of economic development is low, lacking the competitive consciousness and ability to attract foreign investment, introduce advanced technology and open up markets. 3. The income level of residents is low. The living standard of residents in a region can't reach the minimum standard acceptable to a society, and the quality of life is below the subsistence level. If the income level is low, it will lead to low quality of life, such as housing shortage, poor health, low education level, high infant mortality rate, short life expectancy and short working years, which are directly related to low income. Since the reform and opening up, although the economy in poor areas has developed rapidly and the income level of residents has been continuously improved, the gap with developed areas is still widening. 4. Capital formation capacity is seriously insufficient. Poor areas have a weak economic foundation, township enterprises are backward, unable to make ends meet, and collectively accumulate emptiness; Farmers have little available capital, it is difficult to expand agricultural reproduction, and they lack the ability of self-development and self-transformation, which determines that farmers in poverty-stricken areas stay in poverty for a long time. On the one hand, due to the long-term fiscal deficit in poor areas, public investment is seriously insufficient. Due to long-term financial constraints, poor areas are unable to increase investment to improve public infrastructure and public social services, forming a vicious circle. On the other hand, farmers' families have a single source of economic income. Due to the low income level and limited accumulation capacity, it is difficult to extract public accumulation, which weakens the organizational capacity of the collective economy and cannot establish an effective socialized service system, which seriously hinders the development of commodity economy in poor areas. The development of collective economy, private economy, individual economy and other non-state-owned economies and township enterprises in poor areas is very backward compared with developed areas, and can not play its due role in promoting the development of county economy. 5 infrastructure construction is backward. The starting point of infrastructure construction in poor areas is low, the foundation is weak and there are many debts. The conditions of drinking water, irrigation, transportation, energy and communication for people and livestock cannot meet the needs of production development and economic development. Most of the original infrastructure is aging and disrepair, and its ability to resist natural disasters is insufficient. Weak infrastructure is an important reason for the long-term backwardness of poor areas, and strengthening infrastructure construction is the guarantee for the long-term development of poor areas. The infrastructure in poor areas has been backward for a long time, and the local government lacks the necessary financial resources. Improving infrastructure in poverty-stricken areas is still an important part of poverty alleviation in the future. 6. The economic function is not perfect, and the development degree of constituent elements is low. The so-called economic function refers to the absorption function, proliferation function and optimization function that a relatively independent system must have to maintain normal operation. Obviously, for poor areas, these functions are not perfect, or not perfect. Poverty-stricken areas generally deviate from the economic center, which is either far from physical geography, or backward infrastructure such as water conservancy, electricity, transportation and communication, and ineffective information, thus widening the distance from the economic center in economic geography and weakening the economic development function of poverty-stricken areas. With the transformation of the national economic resource allocation mechanism, the economic and social development in poverty-stricken areas will face more severe challenges, especially the backflow effect in the process of economic development. The interest-oriented market mechanism will lead to the capital, talents and other production factors flowing from poor areas to economically developed areas that can get higher returns, and this flow speed is accelerating day by day. If the areas with low economic development level are facing severe challenges such as weak self-accumulation ability, low resource conversion rate, low degree of opening to the outside world and great influence of backflow effect under the condition of marketization of resource allocation, then the poverty-stricken areas with low economic and technological development level will be hit harder and encounter more acute contradictions.

(3) Social and cultural characteristics. The poverty-stricken areas in Sichuan not only have very typical characteristics in geography and economy, but also the knowledge poverty and spiritual poverty in social culture are thought-provoking. 1 The population base is large and the population grows rapidly. According to available data, the growth rate of poverty population in Sichuan is generally higher than the national average. The large population base makes the per capita resources less, especially the per capita cultivated land area is less and the per capita income is low. The rapid growth of population makes this contradiction more and more prominent, which leads to the reduction of poverty alleviation effect and the high rate of returning to poverty. It has become an important reason why the economic situation in poor areas is difficult to change and people's living standards are difficult to improve, forming a vicious circle of "getting poorer and poorer". The high proportion of endemic population, the deterioration of medical and health conditions, the inability to ensure normal nutrition supply, the continuous decline of people's physical fitness in poor areas, the marriage of close relatives in some areas, soil and water conditions and other endemic diseases have seriously damaged the health of the population in poor areas. This is not only one of the reasons for poor people's mental retardation, but also an important reason for farmers to get rid of poverty and return to poverty. In addition, the basic medical and health services provided by governments in poverty-stricken areas are very limited, medical institutions are lacking, facilities are outdated, medicines are scarce, and the quality of medical personnel is low. In addition, poor farmers can't afford medical expenses, and it is difficult to see a doctor, see a doctor and use drugs, which makes the problem of high incidence of endemic diseases in poor areas very prominent, and it is difficult for poor households to get timely treatment of common diseases. 3. Low level of science and technology and poor cultural quality of farmers. Most of the poor people live in scattered and remote places, and the conditions for running schools are poor. Many villages have no schools. In addition, poor households are unable to support their children to go to school, school-age children are lost and drop out of school, and the enrollment rate, consolidation rate and enrollment rate are low. Farmers' scientific and technological education level is low, and the proportion of illiterate and semi-illiterate is significant. Farmers' cultural quality is low, and they lack modern agricultural knowledge, industrial and sideline production technicians and skilled craftsmen, especially management talents. Due to the backward education level and shortage of all kinds of talents, the process of agricultural science and technology popularization is very slow. The number of talents is small and the quality is low. There is a serious brain drain. It is very difficult to introduce talents from outside, and the introduction mechanism is far from being formed. Leaders who truly understand the management of business associations, are selfless, have organizational appeal, and dare to enter the market to develop rural economy are very scarce. 4 outdated and backward ideas. Due to underdeveloped economy and culture, single industrial structure, closed environment, narrow scope of activities, small population mobility, and slow changes in production methods and lifestyles, the social and cultural mechanism isolated from the outside world restricts the dissemination of scientific culture and modern economic information, which determines that people in poor areas have low demand levels and have no time to take into account more and higher-level needs. Civilized, healthy and progressive spiritual and cultural life in poor areas is very scarce, and the degree of social development is low. Accordingly, the ideology and culture of farmers in poverty-stricken areas are greatly bound by traditional ideas, and people's ideas are ignorant and backward, and they unconsciously form a sense of self-isolation, such as narrow economic awareness of small farmers, superstition, and prevalence of family religious concepts. They resist the commodity economy, lack market awareness and competition awareness, resist economic and cultural exchanges, and also show pessimism, helplessness, passive waiting and self-sufficiency concept of "small wealth is safe". What is more serious is that some cadres have formed a kind of inertia, self-indulgence, pride in poverty, unwillingness to work hard, unwillingness to make progress, upward vision and relying on state relief.

Second, the overall concept of sustainable development in poverty-stricken areas in Sichuan

Under the new situation, the general idea of realizing sustainable development in poverty-stricken areas in Sichuan can be summarized as follows: adhere to the construction of Scientific Outlook on Development and new socialist countryside, and continue to implement the Outline of Rural Poverty Alleviation and Development in China (200 1-20 10) and the Plan of Rural Poverty Alleviation and Development in Sichuan (2001-20/KLOC-0). Adhere to the government-led and social participation in poverty alleviation, integrate poverty alleviation resources, comprehensively develop, and "one body and two wings" poverty alleviation strategy, and combine development poverty alleviation with relief poverty alleviation, so that people in poverty-stricken areas can gradually enjoy public goods and services roughly equivalent to the national average; Taking the poor population as the basic target, taking poor villages as the main battlefield, focusing on old revolutionary areas, ethnic minority areas, remote areas and extremely poor areas, we should combine poverty control with treating diseases and saving lives. We should not only do a good job in increasing the income of agriculture and rural areas in poverty-stricken areas, but also continue to promote the transfer of rural labor force and seek ways to increase income outside agriculture and rural areas. With institutional innovation and opening to the outside world as the basic driving force, we should change the mode of economic growth, enhance the comprehensive agricultural production capacity in poverty-stricken areas, realize the interaction between the primary and secondary industries, integrate urban and rural economies, and pay equal attention to economy and society, improve the self-accumulation and self-development ability of poor farmers, increase their income, accelerate the pace of getting rid of poverty while consolidating the achievements of food and clothing, and improve the quality of life and comprehensive quality of poor people. Gradually change the backward economic, social and cultural situation in poverty-stricken areas, so that the economy in poverty-stricken areas will develop rapidly, people's lives will be affluent, society will continue to progress, resources will be used sustainably, a virtuous ecological cycle will be realized, the people will be enriched and the region will be strengthened, and conditions will be created for reaching a well-off level and building a new countryside.

In order to realize the above general idea, Sichuan has to complete several changes. In the goal of poverty alleviation, the main solution to the survival problem of the poor is adjusted to the combination of solving the survival problem of the poor and improving their development ability. In the scope of poverty alleviation, from focusing on the adjustment of poverty-stricken counties to focusing on poverty alleviation and development in key counties, more emphasis is placed on the work in villages and the help of poor households, and it is difficult for poverty alleviation resources to reach the hands of poor households to the greatest extent. As for the target of poverty alleviation, it has been adjusted from a single target group that has not exceeded the temperature to a target group that has initially solved and basically solved the problem of food and clothing. In the content of poverty alleviation, we should change the simple economic development into all-round and three-dimensional poverty alleviation, especially in view of the long-standing problem of "short legs" in social undertakings in poverty-stricken areas, make comprehensive investment in education, science and technology, health and culture, and export labor services and help poor immigrants. In terms of poverty alleviation methods, while not relaxing development-oriented poverty alleviation, we should also implement relief-oriented poverty alleviation for some "special poor" people who cannot get rid of poverty through development-oriented poverty alleviation. In the way of poverty alleviation, it is adjusted from single resource development to simultaneous resource development and protection and ecological environment construction. Build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society, adhere to the principle of "conditional development in protection and conditional protection in development", highlight local characteristics according to local conditions, vigorously develop green ecological industries, and realize the overall coordination of economic development, poverty alleviation and population, environment and resources. On the subject of poverty alleviation, poor households should lift themselves out of poverty, mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres and masses in poverty-stricken areas for economic development, give play to their own advantages and enhance their self-development ability. In the distribution and use of poverty alleviation resources, it is necessary to change the way in which funds are evenly dispersed, concentrate the funds distributed through various channels, make overall arrangements, use them rationally, and concentrate manpower, material resources and financial resources to solve outstanding problems. In the poverty alleviation assessment, the process index assessment is mainly changed to the effect index assessment.