How did the Ming Emperor Judy carry out the reform of opening to the outside world?

Judy, the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was born in the twentieth year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1360). 10 years old, was made a prince. At the age of 20, he moved to Beiping, a fief, and studied the art of war and tactics from general Xu Da. At the age of 39, he won the throne from his nephew, Emperor Jianwen Zhu Jun, and was renamed Emperor Yongle. At the beginning of Judy's accession to the throne, in order to unite the courtiers and make great efforts to govern, all the memorials of the Wen Jian Dynasty captured in the "Battle of Jingnan" were destroyed except for the money and food involved in the army, in order to show that the old ministers of Jianwen Emperor let bygones be bygones. Zheng Ci, Minister of Industry of Wen Jian Dynasty, was originally a member of Beiping Senate and worked very hard under Judy. Later, he took refuge in Emperor Jianwen and supervised several times to stop the Yanjun from going south. After Wen Jian failed, Zheng Ci was arrested. Why did Judy accuse him of "rebellion"? His answer is "do my duty". Judy felt that it made sense, so she let him go and appointed him as the minister of punishments. It can be seen that Judy's mind is still relatively broad. Under certain conditions, he can tolerate and unite ministers who have opposed himself.

Of course, as a feudal emperor, Judy was bossy and cruel by nature. He will kill a giant who refuses to cooperate, even if he is famous for his knowledge or even the world. Fang Xiaoru's death is typical. Fang Xiaoru was a bachelor's lecturer in the Dynasty and once served as the editor of Mao Shi Lu. After Judy occupied Nanjing, she wanted to describe the "Battle of Jingnan" as an act that a natural person should do, so she asked Fang Xiaoru, a master of articles captured at that time, to draft an imperial edict for him. Constrained by Confucian orthodoxy, Fang Xiaoru regarded the power transfer of Zhu Ming Dynasty as a "usurper" and refused to accept orders. Judy threatened him: "Aren't you afraid of Jiuzu alone?" Fang Xiaoru lost his voice and replied: "Ten families, what can I do!" Judy finally ordered the destruction of nine families in Fang Xiaoru. In order to fill the "Ten Clans", Fang Xiaoru's friends and students merged into one clan, all of them were killed, and 873 people died. Before killing Fang Xiaoru, Judy had brutally killed Tie Xuan, the minister of war of Wen Jian dynasty, cut off his nose and ears, and then threw it into the frying pan. It is natural that Judy was accused by scholars at that time and later generations of killing innocent people.

However, Judy was another successful emperor after Zhu Yuanzhang in the Ming Dynasty. During his 22-year reign, he made five northern expeditions, which dealt a heavy blow to the remnants of Mongolian aristocrats and consolidated and safeguarded the unity of multi-ethnic feudal countries. He continued to carry out Zhu Yuanzhang's reclamation policy. In May of the first year of Yongle (A.D. 1403), it was ordered that "the amount of taxes should be removed from the uncultivated fields in the world" in order to dredge rivers and lakes, reduce taxes and relieve victims. In the third year of Yongle (A.D. 1405), the land rent of the four houses of Su, Song, Jia and Hu was removed at one time. The implementation of these policies is conducive to the recovery and development of agricultural production. Handicraft industry and commerce are also very prosperous. Iron smelting in Zunhua, porcelain making in Jingdezhen, shipbuilding in Nanjing and textiles and silk in Songjiang have all reached a high level. The state's fiscal revenue has increased greatly, and some tax grain is transported to Beijing every year, and there are a large number of warehouses in counties and counties. The economic prosperity in Yongle period is the continuation and development of "the rule of Hongwu". As historians have said, "Gao Taizu became a (ancestor) and enjoyed the country for a long time." In the 1960s and 1970s, granaries were full of food and teeth. " The prosperity of the early Ming Dynasty is inseparable from Judy's continuous reform.

Judy is famous for her wisdom and courage (Genesis of the Ming Dynasty), and she also attaches great importance to the accumulation of culture. He will win the world at once, hoping to learn the experience of governing the world from historical records. So, shortly after he acceded to the throne, he called Jie Jin, a bachelor of Hanlin, and other ministers, and ordered people to collect all kinds of books according to rhyme and compile them into a big book for review. He also specifically told that the content should be fully prepared and the search should be universal. All books on classics, history, philosophy and a hundred schools of thought, as well as astronomy, geography, yin and yang, medical divination, Buddhism and Taoism, and skills, should be widely collected and "too numerous to mention". In the winter of the second year of Yongle (A.D. 1404), Jie Jin was ordered to compile the manuscript in a hurry. After the review, he was dissatisfied and thought that the materials were incomplete. He ordered the reconstruction and sent Yao, Liu Jichi and others to supervise the repair. Taoist Yao put forward many important ideas in the "Battle of Jingnan", putting merit first. At this time, he has been worshipped as a good doctor and Prince Shao Shi, and has become Judy's thigh and arm minister. Sending Yao to supervise the repair shows the importance attached to this matter. At the same time, he also ordered the Ministry of Rites to select internal and external officials and local scholars as editors and students as calligraphers. More than 3,000 people have been mobilized. After four years of hard work, this book was finally written in the fifth year of Yongle (AD 1407). Judy was very happy after reading it, and personally prefaced it and named it Yongle Grand Ceremony. There are 78,000 kinds of ancient and modern books in Yongle Dadian, including catalogues and sample books, totaling 22,937 volumes, which are set as 1 1095 volumes, accounting for about 370 million words. Judy organized manpower to carefully arrange China ancient books on such a large scale, and made contributions to the cultural development of the Chinese nation.

During her reign, Judy also changed her father Zhu Yuanzhang's policy of "not going to the sea", implemented the policy of opening to the outside world, attracted foreign businessmen to trade in China, and sent Zheng He, the eunuch of Sanbao, to the Western Seas to develop friendly exchanges and economic and cultural exchanges with Asian and African countries.

During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang concentrated his efforts on consolidating domestic rule, and at the same time pursued the policy of closing the country to the outside world. In the third, fourth, seventh, fourteenth and twenty-third years of Hongwu, orders were repeatedly issued to "ban Haitong Fan", especially in the seventh year of Hongwu (A.D. 1374), the foreign trade department established by the Yuan Dynasty was abolished and replaced by coastal local officials. In the face of rampant smuggling and harassment by pirates, local officials tried to figure out the intention of the court and even stipulated that "it is forbidden to go to sea". Except for a few foreign "tribute trade" ships moored at designated ports, it is impossible for China businessmen to go to sea, which promotes the development of coastal smuggling activities. If this situation does not change, legitimate foreign trade will not develop. When Judy ascended the throne, she resumed the abandoned urban maritime promotion department in the coastal areas of Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang, and announced that foreigners were willing to come to China for trade, "whatever you want". Later, a posthouse was established in the location of the city shipping company to receive foreign businessmen. Judy also sent envoys to Annan (now Vietnam), Siam (now Thailand), Java (now Indonesia), Sulphur Ball (now Japan), Sumatra (now Indonesia) and other places many times to inform him of his accession to the throne, invite countries to visit, pay tribute and trade, and stipulate that foreign envoys come to China to give preferential treatment and rewards and send officials. Some officials in the coastal areas adhered to the traditional policies in the early Ming Dynasty, and Judy tried to persuade them in various ways. Japanese envoys sold weapons to local people in Ningbo, and local officials demanded punishment, but Judy pardoned them. It can be seen that he is sincere in opening up and does not want to embark on the old road of shutting down the country with foreign envoys.

In terms of foreign relations, Zheng He, the eunuch of Sambo, made the largest and most far-reaching voyage to the West. Zheng He led a powerful fleet to the Western Ocean for seven times, six times during the Yongle period, namely, three years of Yongle (A.D. 1405), five years of Yongle, seven years of Yongle, eleven years of Yongle, fifteen years of Yongle and nineteen years of Yongle (A.D. 142 1 year), and the seventh time was the five years of Xuande after Judy's death (A.D. 60) We have strengthened political, economic and cultural ties with these countries and regions, and enhanced exchanges and friendship between the government and the people. This is not only an important event in the history of world navigation, but also an important event in the history of international exchanges.

Judy attaches great importance to "going west". He ordered the construction of hundreds of five types of ships in Fujian and other places, such as carrying goods, carrying grain, fighting and living, the largest of which is called "treasure ship", with nine masts, 44.4 feet long, 0/8 feet wide, with a load of 800 tons and a capacity of 1000 people. This was the largest ship in the world at that time. He also personally selected Zheng He (Ma), a talented eunuch in charge of internal official supervision who followed him in the "Battle of Jingnan", as an imperial envoy, and Wang Jinghong, a loyal eunuch, as an imperial envoy, which made the long-distance fleet have a strong leadership core. At the same time, Yongle ordered the opening of "Eight Pavilions" in the Imperial Academy for three years to attract young Juren and imperial academy students to learn eight languages, including Buddhist (Indian), Uighur (Arabic), Burmese, Mongolian and Jurchen, and to train translators. At the request of Zheng He and Wang Jinghong, he also selected elites to form a large and capable voyage team, including diplomats, technicians, economic and trade personnel, military security personnel, translators, medical personnel and religious personnel, thus ensuring the success of the voyage.

There have always been different opinions about Judy's subjective motives for going to the West. Some say it is to "show off foreign troops to show the prosperity of China" ("Ming history? "The Biography of Zheng He" attracted many countries to pay tribute, and some people said it was to find the whereabouts of his emperor Zhu Yun. It is said that Zhu Jun escaped in the "Battle of Jingnan". Judy, who was deeply suspicious, was uneasy and naturally sent a confidant like Zheng He to look for it. Judy sent troops to the Northern Expedition five times in her life and Zheng He went to the Western Ocean six times, which was the main achievement, but the huge consumption of manpower, material resources and financial resources was the negative impact brought by Judy's great victory.