Urgent ... feudal and historical comments in the early Zhou Dynasty ...

The Zhou Dynasty is a dynasty following the Shang Dynasty in the history of China. After the demise of the Shang Dynasty, it was founded by Zhou Wuwang, the leader of the first Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty existed from about 1046 BC to 256 BC and lasted for 790 years. Western Zhou Dynasty, Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the capital of Haojing Luoyi Monarch-Founding Monarch-Destroying Monarch * * 12 Zhou Wuwang Zhou Youwang ***25 Zhou Pingwang Zhou Nanwang was founded (Battle of Makino) (77 1 year ago) and perished (770 years ago) (256 years ago). Brief introduction of the feudal system in the Western Zhou Dynasty: In the early years of the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the national foundation was unstable. Therefore, King Wu adopted the suggestion of Duke Zhou and implemented the first feudal system to supervise businessmen. The reasons for the first feudalism in the Western Zhou Dynasty are as follows: 1. The reason for the first feudalism in the Western Zhou Dynasty is 1. After the King of Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, in view of the fact that the Yin people still had forces to be reckoned with in the East, they sealed the state and shielded the clans. 2. appease the yin people: after the king of Wu destroyed yin, Wu Geng was ordered by yin to manage and appease the adherents of yin to show that the Shang dynasty could not be destroyed. The flourishing age perished and then perished: The original intention of the King of Wu was "the flourishing age perished the country and succeeded the peerless world". After Ji, Yao and Zhu, he sealed the Yellow Emperor to win the hearts of the people. 3. Right surveillance: The King of Wu was afraid that the adherents of the Shang Dynasty would try to be brave, so he sent three supervisors, Cai Shu and Huo Shu, to monitor. Meritorious service: King Wu awarded the same surname and different surnames to reward meritorious service, such as Yu Lu, the son of Duke Zhou, and Yu Lu, a merchant of Lu. Conclusion: After the first feudalism, the influence of Zhou Dynasty expanded eastward, but the influence of merchants was still strong, so there was a rebellion of three prisons, and it was necessary to carry out the second feudalism. 2. The content of the feudal system in the Zhou Dynasty: Introduction: Feudalism means "closing the land to establish the country". The content of feudal system in Zhou Dynasty mainly includes the following aspects: title: public, Hou, bo, zi, public and so on. Feudal land: public and Hou are all hundreds of miles, Bo Fang is 70 miles, and the public is 50 miles. Those who are less than fifty miles are princes. Ming and Qing Dynasties: Three ministers (dukes and dukes) were appointed by the Emperor of Heaven; Two countries (Bo) have three Qing, and two Qing are appointed by the son of heaven; Small country (son). Male) two qing, a qing appointed by the son of heaven. Military system: three armies of a big country (male and female), two armies of two countries (male) and one army of a small country (male). Each army has 12500 people. Governors have the obligations of pilgrimage, tribute, following the levy, diligence and so on. To the Zhou emperor, and the emperor to patrol the quartet, governors will ask. If you don't go to court once, you will be demoted, if you don't go to court twice, you will be divided, and if you don't go to court three times, you will be punished. In a word, the feudal system of enfeoffment of princes in the Zhou Dynasty really helped to consolidate the rule of the Zhou Dynasty, enabling the Zhou Dynasty to enjoy the country for more than 800 years, which was conducive to national harmony and had far-reaching significance. 3. The influence of feudalism in the Western Zhou Dynasty: the two feudalism in the early Zhou Dynasty mainly had the following influences: the scope of Zhou's rule was expanded: the influence of Zhou people was initially limited to the west and the vicinity of Wang Ji, but after two feudalism, the influence has expanded to the central and eastern regions, and the territory is expanding day by day. Consolidate Zhou's rule: because of feudalism, he established the status of emperor and vassal; And the princes are mostly imperial clan and heroes, which can be used as screen vassals and supervisors, and the status of the son of heaven is more stable. The spread of Chinese culture: the connection between the central and local governments has been strengthened. Chinese culture has been spread to distant places, and the backward ethnic groups have been gradually assimilated, making the Chinese nation stronger and stronger. It helps to prolong the state of the Zhou Dynasty: the Zhou Dynasty promoted feudalism and turned the country into a home. There is a close blood relationship between emperors and governors, and between governors and governors, which contributes to the extension of the country. To sum up, the vassal enfeoffment of the Zhou Dynasty was helpful to consolidate the rule of the Zhou Dynasty. However, after Pingdong moved eastward, the imperial power declined and the princes became independent, which led to chaos and turmoil in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty A. The origin of the feudal system In the past, it was generally believed that the feudal system was created by Zhou Wuwang. However, Liu Zongyuan refuted this in the article "On Feudalism" in the Tang Dynasty, arguing that "feudalism is not a saint, but it is also a trend." Feudalism ",simply put, is that the king enfeoffed the vassal's land to the vassal and founded the country in feudal areas." This is a way of defeating tribal rule and defeated land and population in ancient times. It can be seen that the so-called feudalism has been formed since the tribal war. However, feudalism officially originated in the Zhou Dynasty, and modern scholars have different opinions, but most of them advocate that it began in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In view of the numerous governors at that time, Zhou Shi was bound to suffer from * * *, which was for the sake of the country's prosperity and destruction. In the name of peerless, feudal rulers used colonial methods to enfeoffment Zhou He's heroes to various places, and established the country by using the original clans and tribes in various places.

From top to bottom, Zhou officially became the master of the world, and the feudal scale was officially completed. Second, the content of feudalism basically has two conditions: first, the multi-level division of land and power. The other is that there is a subordinate relationship between the superior and the subordinate. That is, the rulers in the world ceded part of the land and people to princes, and then subletted the land to lower levels, and each level of subletting had to fulfill certain obligations to higher levels. As far as his fiefs are concerned, he is an economic and political hereditary and has the highest power in his fiefs. Therefore, the whole society is divided into several levels, and the ruling class has four levels: emperor, vassal, great doctor and scholar. The following are common people and slaves. Under the feudal system, there were certain political rules between emperors and vassals: according to Mencius, the vassal state ranked fifth, and there were certain fiefs according to titles, and vassals were everywhere; "This place is seventy miles; Children and men are fifty miles each, and less than fifty miles, they are called princes. From time to time, the son of heaven patrolled the four places to patrol the princes, who worshipped the son of heaven and paid tribute to them. When the royal family has to go out, the princes have the obligation to obey the levy; If the royal family has foreign invasion, the princes will send troops and be diligent. (However, some people think that the titles of Gong, Hou and Bo in inscriptions on bronze inscriptions have no hierarchical meaning; Some people think that the land mileage of countries is too neat, too idealistic and unreliable. According to Zhou Guan, the military system under the feudal system is the six armies of the emperor, the three armies of the princes, the two armies of two countries and the one army of a small country. One Army12,500 (this establishment was also questioned by later generations). In addition, the son of heaven has the right to interfere in the employment and administration of vassal States. There are three officials in the big country, all appointed by the son of heaven; The second country has three ministers, one of whom was appointed by the son of heaven. As can be seen from the content of the feudal system, its purpose is to control the vassals, and the emperor is the supreme king of the country, not the Lord. Everything of the vassal is given by the emperor, and all the ministers are the emperor's. C, the reason of Zhou feudalism is that the influence of Yin people can't be completely eliminated after cutting. Therefore, on the one hand, we should keep the Yin family, on the other hand, we should gradually invade the east and seal the vassal state to expand our power and shield the royal family. To sum up, the rise of feudal system is not only the natural trend of social organization, but also the work of Zhou people to adapt to the actual needs of the political situation at that time. The reasons are summarized as follows: Zhou was one of the princes of Shang dynasty, and his career was destroyed by the corruption of Shang royal family, which had an intangible impact on his later emperor status. Therefore, after the king of Wu destroyed the business, he first established the principle of "all things are done in the world, whether it is the land of the king, whether it is the land of the king, whether it is the minister of the king", and then enfeoffed the princes with land, with a view to strengthening the unified relationship between the emperor and the princes, making the emperor's position stable and strengthening his rule. More importantly, Zhou Ben is a small country leaning towards the west. After decades of operation, the powerful and highly educated Yin State was eliminated, but the influence of Yin people could not be completely eliminated. With the production technology and underdeveloped transportation of the Zhou Dynasty at that time, it was very difficult to rule the vast territory of Yin. Coupled with the potential of the original aristocracy to rule the economy and the difficulty in forming a unified system with the small countries that have been attached to Yin, the method of appeasement monitoring was adopted. For the Yin people and small countries who joined, they were named princes, while those who did not joined were forced. In order to manage more strictly, both the imperial clan and the hero should be established as princes and monitored nearby, such as the setting of the three prisons. According to Mr. Qian Mu's analysis, "feudalism in the Western Zhou Dynasty was a kind of armed immigration and military occupation. "The Western Zhou Dynasty was originally a farming tribe. Since it is only in the abundant Weihe River basin, how to effectively extend its influence to the old land of Yin and the East after obtaining Yin is an important issue. Therefore, Zhou sent his close relatives to the east in batches, selected traffic and military priorities, and contained each other, completing a huge transportation network including the Yellow River, Huaishui and the north bank of the Yangtze River. Therefore, the feudalism in the Zhou Dynasty was a scale of founding the country that was in harmony with the military politics at that time and could be continuously expanded outward. Zhou Xing feudalism was to enfeoffment the imperial clan of Zhou surname into a screen vassal. Because there were so many governors at that time, everyone should pay attention to Tianjin, which was bound to be a disaster for the Lord. So the imperial clan and heroes were enfeoffed, so that they could live together among the old princes and become a mutual restraint, in order to capture the royal family and reward the heroes. For example, it is called Yan, and Taigong looks forward to Qi. At the beginning of Zhou Jian, there were actually many tribes (before Wu Zhou destroyed the Shang Dynasty, the so-called governors were the original state of each tribe, and the rule of * * * was maintained). In view of the large number of vassals who joined the merchants at that time, if the autocratic policy was implemented, it might not be supported by the state. Therefore, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, other old tribes, such as Huangdi, Yao, Shun and Yu, were also enfeoffed under the slogan of "Rise and fall of the country, follow the peerless world" to strengthen the rule of kingship and achieve the effect of buying people's hearts. Generally speaking, it can be seen that the biggest purpose of feudalism is to establish a top-down relationship between China and local governments through land redistribution, so as to seek the long-term stability of the whole regime. Ding, after the founding of the People's Republic of China in the early Zhou Dynasty, feudalism was divided into two parts: first, the first part was divided into two parts: the king of Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, the capital of Yin fell, and the Shang Dynasty perished, but objectively speaking, the territory of the Shang Dynasty was much larger than that of Zhou Dynasty (the Shang Dynasty occupied almost the whole east of the Yellow River), and the huge territory of the Shang Dynasty could not be digested on Monday, and the land of the old princes of the Shang Dynasty was not entirely owned by Zhou people. In this case, we can only take expedient measures, adopt a policy of appeasement to businessmen, seal our son in Yin, and worship our ancestors for medical treatment. At the same time, the younger brother is in the north and south of the Yellow River, the uncle is in charge of fresh, the uncle is in Cai, and the uncle is in Huo to monitor and prevent rebellion, which is called the three prisons. " "Historical Records" Yin Benji said: "Make his brother Xian, Cai Shu is the capital, and his father (Wu Geng) governs Yin. According to ancient customs, dynasties can be replaced from generation to generation, and ancestor sacrifices cannot be extinct. Therefore, King Wu used his new national strength to enfeoffment the former emperors with virtue in order to win the hearts of the people. For example, Shennong was named after Jiao, Huangdi named after Zhu, Emperor Yao named after Ji, Emperor Shun named after Chen, and Dayu named after Qi. On the other hand, in order to expand his power, King Wu sealed some royalty, relatives and heroes. For example, the protagonist calls Yan a North Screen fan, and Lu Shang is in Lu, which is a East Screen fan. The enfeoffment countries are mostly concentrated in the area near the south bank of the Yellow River (the north bank of the Yellow River, the center of merchant power, only Huo). As for the east, it was still the sphere of influence of the old Shang Dynasty, and Zhou people could only dream of it. Of course, this situation is full of danger. As a result, when King Wu died, rebellion was born again, and finally the second feudalism was carried out under the planning of Duke Zhou.