Contemporary immigrant relocation

The Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, which starts from Fengjie in Chongqing in the west and ends in Yichang in Hubei in the east, has a total length of1.93km, which is the epoch mark of China's title of "Infrastructure Madman".

The world's largest water conservancy hub and man-made miracle standing on the Yangtze River not only brought hundreds of billions of clean electricity to China, but also benefited the people on this land.

Today, the Three Gorges has become one of the must-see spots for people to travel abroad. If we trace back to the source, in fact, as early as 19 18, Comrade Sun Yat-sen put forward the idea of building the Three Gorges Project: "Building a dam to block water can not only facilitate shipping, but also bring water power by using the difference of topography."

This idea, under the historical conditions at that time, combined with the actual scale of hydropower in the Yangtze River, is simply a fantasy.

Until the founding of New China, China spent nearly 200 billion RMB on the construction of the Three Gorges Dam, which is an astronomical figure that can feed many people. Therefore, at the beginning of the design of the Three Gorges Project, there were naturally some voices of opposition.

1992, the fifth session of the Seventh National People's Congress was held in Beijing, and the resolution on the construction of the Three Gorges Project was deliberated and adopted.

In the opinion poll submitted to the State Council, nine experts refused to sign: Li Yuguang, Hou, He, Wu, Qin Xiudian, Guo Laixi, Fang and Liao Wenquan.

Why did nine experts, mainly Guo Laixi, unanimously oppose the construction of the Three Gorges Dam? Will the reasons for their opposition, or the dangers they are worried about, really happen?

This voting document with different opinions is still treasured in the National Cultural Relics Preservation Institute, which shows its historical significance and is very profound for China, which has entered a new journey in the 2/kloc-0 century.

As the mother river that has nurtured the culture of the Chinese nation for 5,000 years, the Wanli Yangtze River is full of twists and turns and rich in hydrology.

1932, the national government organized a professional survey team for the first time to explore and survey the Three Gorges for nearly three months, and initially put forward a plan to build reservoirs in Huangling Temple and Gezhouba.

1944, entrusted by the national government, American expert Savanqi made a field trip to the Three Gorges and put forward a preliminary report on the Three Gorges-Yangtze River Plan. Two years later, the National Government officially signed a contract with the United States, appointing the American Bureau of Reclamation as the agent to be responsible for the design of the Three Gorges Dam.

In the spring of the following year, inflation in the Kuomintang-controlled areas was serious and the economy and society were in chaos. With the opening of the War of Liberation, the defeated Kuomintang government withdrew American technicians, and the hydropower design of the Three Gorges was forced to stop until the founding of New China.

At the beginning of 1950, the Yangtze River Water Resources Commission directly supervised by the State Council was formally established in Wuhan.

After the establishment of the Yangtze River Water Resources Commission, the "Jingjiang Section Flood Diversion Project" was first planned and constructed.

The first phase of this project involved 300,000 soldiers and civilians, and it took only 75 days to complete. The rapid speed shocked the Chinese and foreign water conservancy circles, greatly relieved the huge and frequent floods in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and ensured the safety of people's lives and property on both sides of the Jingjiang levee.

However, the flood season in the south is capricious, and flood discharge is only a stopgap measure.

1953, Chairman Mao listened to the report on reservoir planning in the main stream of the Yangtze River, and briefly pointed out the necessity of building the Three Gorges Project: "There are so many reservoirs that can't prevent floods, why not lock them in the main sluice of the Three Gorges?"

With the full cooperation of relevant departments and professionals, the planning of the Yangtze River basin and the scientific research, exploration and design demonstration of the Three Gorges Project are in full swing.

1In March, 955, a group of Soviet experts arrived in Wuhan, and under the leadership of the Seventh Topographic Survey Team of the Yangtze River Water Conservancy Commission, they made an in-depth investigation on the geomorphological units, rock properties and hydrological conditions in the Three Gorges area.

However, at the end of the same year, when Premier Zhou listened to the opinions of domestic experts and Soviet experts, two completely different voices appeared.

Soviet experts believe that the Three Gorges Project is huge in scale, and there is basically no possibility of actual operation, while domestic scholars believe that the establishment of the Three Gorges Dam can play the overall benefit of "increasing storage and reducing compensation".

Since ancient times, the Chinese nation has been an aggressive nation. In order to make full use of the 500 million kilowatts of water resources in the Yangtze River basin and ensure the long-term development of people's survival in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, 1958, Premier Zhou officially reported and approved the Opinions on the Planning of the Three Gorges Water Control Project and the Yangtze River Basin at the Central Chengdu Working Conference.

During the second five-year plan period, the Ministry of Water and Electricity organized 100 experts to study the dam site of the Three Gorges, and planned to invest 400 million yuan in 196 1 year to formally start construction.

However, due to the international situation, the Soviet Union withdrew relevant experts and financial and technical support, and the country also encountered crop failure and economic difficulties, so the original plan of the Three Gorges Project had to be adjusted.

Until the end of 1970, the central government approved the "Gezhouba Project" reported by Wuhan Military Region and Hubei Province, which laid a solid foundation for the planned and step-by-step construction of the Three Gorges.

After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, the four modernizations have been put on the key agenda of the country's development direction.

Since 1986, Comrade Deng Xiaoping has listened to reports on the work of the Three Gorges Project for many times.

As a project with great potential to promote the development of the central region, he clearly pointed out that:

Under the guidance of the CPC Central Committee, the State Council organized a team of experts 14 to conduct a three-year feasibility study on the Three Gorges Project, and agreed that "it is better to build it early than late, and it is better not to build it if it is built". The preliminary plan for planning the Three Gorges Dam is 185 meters high and 175 meters high.

However, it was not until 1993 that the Three Gorges Project officially started construction, which shows that the difficulties are arduous.

1992, in the feasibility study report of the Three Gorges Project submitted to the Seventh National People's Congress for deliberation, it is estimated that the Three Gorges Dam, the largest hydropower project in the world, covers more than 20 districts and counties such as Hubei and Chongqing, with 34 million square meters of residential buildings, and the estimated number of immigrants will reach 165438+ 10,000.

Such a huge scale is unprecedented in China's infrastructure industry. Considering the national economic situation and various practical considerations at that time, it was an unprecedented challenge to persuade people, raise funds and invite tenders for equipment.

Therefore, there are different opinions about whether the Three Gorges should be built, where it is best and how to build it.

On the eve of voting on the resolution of the Three Gorges Project in the Fifth Middle School of the Seventh Central Committee, nine experts, mainly Guo Laixi, publicly refused to sign the consent form. Combined with the academic background of the nine experts, their objections are naturally not empty words or generalities.

Take two scholars as examples: Professor Guo Laixi, director of the Institute of Geographical Sciences and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the founder of the first national tourism geography research institution in China, and presided over as many as 13 provincial and municipal tourism geography planning projects; Professor Hou is an academician of China Academy of Sciences, the first chairman of China Natural Resources Research Association, and one of the founders of ecology, vegetation and soil science in China.

First, nine experts believe that the closure of the Three Gorges Dam will not only cause hundreds of millions of tons of sediment accumulation, but also force fish migration to be interrupted. After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, more than 500 species of rare terrestrial plants will be completely submerged, which will bring an irreparable blow to the ecological diversity of the Yangtze River waters.

Secondly, the static investment of the Three Gorges Dam is estimated to be 654.38+035 billion RMB, which does not include the damage value of the original towns. Under the national strength at that time, such huge funds could be directly used to improve people's living conditions.

There are still many ancient buildings and cultural relics in the surrounded reservoir coverage area that cannot be moved, and this destruction is irreversible.

3. The total design length of the Three Gorges Dam is about 2,300m, and the pouring height of the whole line reaches1.85m.. When completed, it will become the largest concrete gravity dam in the world. Such a huge goal, in the severe international situation at that time, can not help but worry that it will become one of the burdens of national defense construction.

Today, there is still the fallacy of "bombing the Three Gorges Dam to destroy China".

There are many versions of opinions against the construction of the Three Gorges Dam, but the first two can arouse people's thinking most.

Regarding the concern for biodiversity, it is true that after the completion of the Three Gorges Dam, the national first-class protected animals like Chinese sturgeon are facing great challenges for survival and reproduction.

The Bachu civilization around the Three Gorges also has nearly 1200 key cultural relics.

Due to various considerations, except for nine experts who jointly opposed it publicly, some delegates chose to abstain in the final vote of the Fifth Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee.

These people's views only show the diversity of government decision-making from the perspective of natural ecological interests and traditional cultural protection, and never stand on the opposite side of the country to decontaminate the construction of the Three Gorges Dam.

There are a thousand Hamlets in the hearts of a thousand people, and it is unrealistic to plan without any different opinions.

The Three Gorges Dam has an open, transparent and professional decision-making atmosphere from discussion and research to field investigation, from feasibility analysis to formal construction. Only by absorbing opinions from all sides in the preliminary investigation can we make a correct judgment on things.

It is precisely because of the opposition of these nine experts that biodiversity, ecological protection, cultural relics protection, dam design, etc. have been repeatedly studied from many aspects such as science and sustainability, rather than just focusing on short-term economic benefits.

With the development of practice, the overall situation and correctness of the Three Gorges Project have gradually emerged.

After the National People's Congress passed the resolution of the Three Gorges Project, in order to ensure the smooth implementation of the project, the State Council established the Three Gorges Construction Committee in May 438+0993+10, with Comrade Li Peng as the director of the Committee to directly lead and manage the relevant work of the Three Gorges Project.

At the same time, under the supervision of the Three Gorges Construction Committee, the resettlement development bureau of the Three Gorges Project was formally established.

1In the summer of 1993, China Three Gorges Project Development Corporation was approved to be established to be responsible for the construction of the main project of the Three Gorges Dam and its operation management after completion.

In order to raise funds, China Three Gorges Corporation and the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation have carried out foreign cooperation. 1996, the state approved the issuance of Three Gorges bonds, and the total subscription amount of the initial issuance of bonds reached 65,438 billion yuan.

1997165438+18 October, following the completion of1400,000 cubic meters of earthwork excavation, the first phase of the Three Gorges Project was successfully completed.

The bidding for the second and third phases of the project has also received strong response from the international community. In the international procurement bidding, well-known enterprises in Germany, Switzerland, France, Canada and other countries won the bid for the construction of hydro-generators.

The second phase of the project lasted from 1998 to 2003, and was completed in six years, realizing the initial storage of the reservoir, the normal operation of the first batch of generator sets and the formal dredging of the permanent ship lock.

Until 2009, all the generator sets and hub projects were completed, and all the construction tasks of the Three Gorges Project were declared complete.

From 1993 to 2009, the total construction period of the Three Gorges Project is 17 years, with a total investment of 203.9 billion yuan. The Three Gorges Dam, the main building, has a water storage capacity of 39.3 billion cubic meters, surrounded by 32 700,000-kilowatt hydro-generator sets and 2 50,000-kilowatt power stations, with a total installed capacity of 22.5 million kilowatts, making it the world's largest water conservancy control project record holder.

Hydrological power generation brought by the Three Gorges Project totaled nearly 1000 billion kilowatts, which was equivalent to reducing coal use by more than 50 million tons and reducing China's carbon dioxide emissions by nearly 1 100 million tons. Converted into GDP, the electricity generated by the Three Gorges Project is equivalent to creating an output value of 1 trillion yuan for the country. In the West-to-East Power Transmission Project, the power of the Three Gorges is also distributed in dozens of provinces.

From 1992, the cultural relics department carried out rescue excavation around the Three Gorges, and all cultural relics were protected before the water storage was completed in 2009.

China Three Gorges Group has carried out follow-up work in fish protection, proliferation and release, and plant ex-situ management, which is the inevitable result of changing the hydrological characteristics of upstream and downstream by damming rivers.

In 20 13, the Three Gorges Group released more than 8,000 juvenile Chinese sturgeon and 2,000 mullet in Yichang section of the Yangtze River. In the natural ecological fishing grounds in the Three Gorges reservoir area, the total discharge of economic fish reached 654.38 0.3 million.

The research platform of aquatic biological resources protection based on ACIPENSER sinensis Research Institute has made great contributions to the protection of rare fish and popular science work.

In the resettlement work of a large number of immigrants in the Three Gorges reservoir area 129 towns and nearly1140,000 immigrants, 45% of the investment funds of the Three Gorges Project are used for this.

Large-scale infrastructure construction and diversified industrial construction have also promoted the increase of employment rate and residents' income through development migration, such as relocation nearby and family relocation.

From the Three Gorges Dam to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and then to the relevant areas of the estuary, 27 key monitoring stations carry out real-time monitoring all the year round, covering more than a dozen projects such as hydrology, agriculture, wetlands, atmosphere, earthquakes and population health.

In the summer of 20 14, the tourist attractions of the Three Gorges Dam were officially opened to tourists free of charge, with a maximum daily reception of 40,000 tourists, which promoted the step-by-step growth of the tertiary industry in nearby areas.

The 400-mile scenery of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River has become one of the top ten scenic spots in China.

After the completion of the first phase of the project, the water level of the Yangtze River increased from 66 meters to 88 meters, the second phase to 135 meters, and the third phase to 175 meters. However, under the long-term construction plan of stabilizing ecology and ensuring quality, the rising range of water level is basically within the acceptable range of natural conditions.

Today, tens of thousands of tons of ships can reach Chongqing directly on the Three Gorges waterway. So far, the benefits of the Three Gorges Dam in flood control, irrigation, power generation and tourism are beyond the reach of any water conservancy facilities in the world.

At the beginning, the Three Gorges Project spent a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources under the condition of tight resources, and now the benefits fed back to China are far greater than people's imagination.

The Three Gorges Project spans two centuries and takes an unprecedented time, which also illustrates the fact that China's national strength is gradually developing.

Some people worry that the reservoir will become a "mud reservoir", and the dams designed in hydrology, sediment model and chute structure have not only stood the test of time, but also the ecological conditions in the Yangtze River basin are getting better and better.

In his view, protecting biodiversity and pursuing economic benefits are never antagonistic, but a virtuous circle of harmony and prosperity.

The construction of the Three Gorges Project is a correct decision, which is made on the basis of comprehensive consideration of flood control and disaster relief, water conservancy and shipping, clean energy and other factors.

It broke the world record in ten aspects, such as flood discharge capacity, ship lift efficiency and total installed capacity of hydropower stations. Years of testing data also show that the economic development of China is by no means at the expense of the ecological environment.

202 1, 1, 1, the Wuhan section of the Yangtze River and Hanjiang River entered a ten-year fishing moratorium, which is a practical measure to attach importance to the construction of ecological civilization since China entered a new era.

China has a vast territory and rich natural resources. Only on the basis of benign development can we make rational use of natural resources, avoid the risk of natural disasters, and make future generations develop economically, live a prosperous life and move towards a better future.