We look forward to experts answering questions about the history of education at home and abroad! Please discuss the rationality of foreign traditional educational theories (such as Dewey) from the p

We look forward to experts answering questions about the history of education at home and abroad! Please discuss the rationality of foreign traditional educational theories (such as Dewey) from the perspective of cultural inheritance.

Northeast Normal University postgraduate course "Foreign Education History" exam paper

1, short answer questions (paper 15 points, ***60 points)

1. An introduction to the types of auxiliary materials in ancient China and the compilation of Mongolian characteristics

Answer: The Mongolian literacy-improving teaching materials include textbooks, poetry, famous objects, history, and moral education. The characteristics of its writing are: (1) It integrates various ideological education and other educational teaching literacy education and knowledge by growing children at the same time. (2) Consider children’s interests and characteristics. (3) Pay attention to daily life. (4) Pay attention to the characteristics of Chinese characters.

2 Describing the main content of Zhu’s reading method

Answer: (1) step by step (2) familiar with meditation (3) moderate immersion (4) careful observation (5) use tight force ( 6) The whale keeps galloping

3 summary elements of educational perspective

Answer: Emphasis on the "problem of competition in educational experience" or "cultural heritage", which has passed the test of history better than most people The importance of encountering a meaningful personal experience, but also the best thing about the human heritage of "many cultures," is that there is "a basic core of knowledge" that is, the same, unchanging cultural elements . It includes all basic knowledge, skills, as well as various traditional concepts, ideals, etc. These elements must be learned. The main task of the school is to teach the younger generation the unique elements of these cultures. Emphasis on discipline and the systematic positioning of the center of learning advocate the restoration of discipline. In the educational process, teaching materials are prepared in strict accordance with the logical system. Latin, Algebra, Geometry and some other subjects of special value are considered compulsory secondary school subjects in order to train the student to become a spiritual leader. Advocates who focus on cultivating intelligence and improving intellectual level should give full play to the authoritative role of teachers. Students should be forced to learn the content if they are not interested. .

4 A review of the main contents of the "National Defense Education Act": The contents of the "National Defense Education Act" promulgated by the U.S. federal government on September 2, 1958 include: 1 General The school strengthens the "new three arts", natural sciences, namely teaching, mathematics and modern foreign languages ??and other important subjects;? It is necessary to update the curriculum content and improve the teaching of these subjects and levels; set up science laboratories for schools; establish a teaching center for Chinese as a foreign language and strengthen audio-visual teaching equipment; 2. Strengthen vocational education; 3. Emphasis on "gifted education"; 4. A large number of Additional education funding. The promulgation of the "National Defense Education Act" was a milestone in the history of the United States. A large amount of education funds were invested to help improve the quality of education. The rapid increase in primary school enrollment rates and the rapid increase in secondary education rates have been greatly accelerated. The behavior of US-trained IT staff has also had a huge impact.

Both parties discuss (paper 20 points, ***40 points)

1 Confucius and his modern values

A’s moral thought: Confucius (551 - 479 Year) named Qiu, courtesy name Zhongni. Confucius was the founder of Confucianism, a great thinker, and an outstanding educator in ancient China. He was the first private school in China who made an indelible contribution to the development of ancient Chinese culture and education. His Confucianism has had a profound impact on Chinese history and culture, on Eastern culture as a whole, and on world culture.

With the in-depth development of research, the global market economy and the establishment of economic globalization, various trends continue to emerge, and some decadent and backward ideas also affect people's worldview and values, and the emergence of pluralistic values ????for people. . Re-recognized and valued by modern times, these synchronizations with Confucius can be seen mainly from the establishment of Confucius Institutes in the world, and world events that represent the era of Confucius' Confucianism.

In Confucianism, the entire system of Confucius’ moral education thoughts, the entire education system, especially thinking, occupies an extremely important position. "If you have enough energy to practice, study literature." Confucius emphasized moral education and put it at the top of talent cultivation.

The core of Confucian moral thought is "benevolence", with "filial piety" and "brotherhood" as the foundation, and "propriety" as the standard. "Benevolence" is the relationship between people, that is, the truth in life and norms, is the highest standard for people, and is the main field of Confucian moral education. "The benevolent love others." "Restrain oneself and return propriety to benevolence" ("The Analects of Confucius·Yan Yuan"), "The benevolent man first takes the trouble and then the benevolence, and truly carries the benevolence with him." These statements are the interpretation of Confucius' meaning of "benevolence". Virtue Confucius asked students to cultivate the noblest moral character. This includes almost all the virtues that good qualities a person should have. In modern society, it undoubtedly has a significant impact on improving human personality and the overall development of human adaptation, especially the honesty, trustworthiness, gentleness, and kindness he advocates, The virtues of Gong, Jin, and Rang play a positive role in building integrity and a harmonious society.

Filial piety is the Confucian morality of dealing with family relationships. Confucius asked: "The filial piety of the disciples, but I would like to believe that they are loving and kind." That is to say, one should be filial to his parents at home, out of respect for his younger brother. Confucius' moral thought requires people to honor their parents, respect the elderly and love the young.

The family is the basic unit that constitutes society. The kind of guidance of family harmony advocated by Confucius, placed within the country, will promote harmonious interpersonal relationships and help establish a good social order. Interpersonal harmony is the external form of collective cohesion. Performance, strong cohesion, more mutual understanding and mutual assistance and harmonious coexistence between people, which have an important role in establishing the significance of patriotism and patriotism.

Rituals are the expression of "benevolence". Confucius required students to abide by the ethical norms of society and life. "If a person does not have benevolence, what will be the courtesy? If a person does not have benevolence, what will be the joy?" From the perspective of Confucianism, "benevolence" is the foundation and content, and "ritual" is the form of "benevolence". They are mutually dependent and inseparable. Gift". Based on his long-term engagement in moral practice, Confucius summed up a set of moral principles and methods, including determination of perseverance, contentment with poverty, reciprocity, introspection and self-denial, correcting mistakes, and consistent words and deeds. They seem to be like this. For example, "A benevolent man is a man who wants to establish himself for the people and achieve his goals. You can almost use this metaphor, and it is indeed the prescription of benevolence." Confucius asked his disciples to have a heart for reciprocity, to eliminate contradictions and help each other in conflicts, Make contact. This series of methods of self-cultivation and the development of mind and spirit have been inherited for 2000 years. Confucius can guide through the boundaries of time and space. Today we can learn from them and inherit the outstanding parts of current school moral education to improve weak links and follow the principles of education. Development trends, the implementation of quality education has far-reaching significance. We must further develop, learn, absorb its advanced and reasonable parts, and make full use of the transformation, thereby promoting and deepening moral behavior in modern schools, especially the work of normal colleges that provide moral education to students will have a significant role. This will greatly improve the quality of teachers and promote the improvement of education quality, thereby promoting the ideological and moral quality of the entire nation.

Confucianism is the core moral concept. In modern society, the development of human individuals, especially all aspects of this role, cannot be underestimated. We inherit and carry forward traditional thinking today to promote the progress of the entire human society. .

Dewey’s Progressive Thoughts on Education

Answer 2: The 19th century was a welcome feast of old colonial education, coupled with Herbart’s 19th century introduction from Germany In the later period, the teaching methods were gradually finalized, which made the school at that time dull and lifeless. American pragmatist educator Dewey (1859-1952) was a pioneer in the transformation of traditional education and new education. He advocated and promoted the development of children's personality from their nature.

(1) Education is "life", "growth" and "experience transformation"

Education can accumulate rich content through human experience and enhance experience to guide adaptation. social life, thereby maintaining social life together and developing abilities. Broadly speaking, education is when individuals contact and interact with others in social life, gradually expand and improve their experiences, develop moral character, and acquire knowledge and skills. Since transformation and life experience are closely integrated, and transformation of experience can promote personal growth, Dewey concluded that "education is life," "education is growth," and education is "the experience of transformation."

(2) Education without purpose

In Dewey’s mind, in an undemocratic and unequal society, education is an imposed purpose that only has the power of education. It is different in a democratic society, it should be without teleological pursuits. But in reality, class struggle is increasingly intensifying, and in the era of proletarian revolution, Dewey emphasizes the effectiveness of education in improving society. The purpose of Dewey's bourgeois theory of education is obvious.

(3) "School is social"

Dewey, people's participation in real social life is the correct way to experience the growth and transformation of body and mind. Therefore, teachers in the classroom teach children to transform knowledge into park activities, guide children to cultivate active volunteer activities, develop personality unconsciously, and gain knowledge from activities to achieve the transformation of life, growth and experience.

Dewey Education

(4) Teaching is for life, growth and experience transformation based on theory, subject matter, such as teaching materials and teaching methods. Discuss different ideas and traditions.

1. In the selection of materials, Dewey proposed "interrelated subjects, not science...but the real center of the child's own social activities." Specifically, the school arranged Various operations introduce basic human things into schools and serve as school textbooks.

2. In terms of teaching methods, Dewey advocated "learning by doing". He believed that children did not acquire knowledge from activities, lectures and readings.

(5) Moral education

Dewey said: "Morality is the highest and ultimate goal of education" and "the process and process of moral education are unified." In Dewey's view, morality The important role of education in education. Dewey strongly emphasized that morality is the driving force of social progress. In terms of implementation, Dewey first advocated "moral child training activities", followed by intellectual requirements to achieve moral purposes. In addition, he paid great attention to the role of educational and moral education methods.

(6) Children in the center

Dewey put forward the criticism of the old education process, the idea of ????"child center", that is, the "trust" in the "old" .

In Dewey's view, traditional education exists "outside the gravitational pull of students and teachers, textbooks, and where you are happy, just not at the center of the child's own immediate instincts and activities anywhere," textbooks are a thing of the past The main representation is knowledge and wisdom, "and" students and teachers are an effective combination of teaching, which is the imparting of knowledge, the skills of teachers and the implementation of the code of conduct. "Therefore, the disadvantages of traditional education are obvious: "The traditional program. Teaching is basically inculcating standards, materials and methods from above and outside it, and gradually implements the growth and maturity of only children. The gap is so large, prescribed teaching materials, learning and action methods, and for those who are not existing. Relevant children's abilities... Although good teachers want to use artistic techniques to cover up this mandatory nature to make it less obvious, they still have to teach children "to good teachers and textbooks." , instead of instinct, children's activities allow children to endure hardships. "Because traditional education focuses on "training," "command and control," and "brutal authoritarian suppression." [4] The way to eliminate this disease is to put the focus on education. "Our education is going to change because of gravity, it's a shift in the center of change, it's a revolution, it's the center and Copernican astronomy from the Earth to the Sun, like the kind of revolution here, changes the child into the Sun , and all measures of education are then turned around; the measures of children's education are organized around the center. "[5] From where teacher education shifts the focus, teach children to him, this is the "new education" advocated by Dewey ( or "progressive education"), which is "child-centered" education.

The above series of educational perspectives seem to have the same roots. The fundamental reason is Dewey's philosophy, social worldview and methodology. Bottom from several aspects, characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of a series of educational concepts in the above analysis.

(1) According to Dewey’s pragmatism himself, empiricism, experimental philosophy, religion, society, education and growth, education and experience, education and life experience and scientific thinking and experience, ends and means, Materials and methods, culture, education and vocational education, natural sciences and humanities, as well as issues of personal interest and training, such as opposing forced divisions of the world and advocating for unity and unity. This is to overcome the one-sided traditional concept and have a positive impact. On the other hand, due to the one-sided emphasis on unity and the lack of clear distinction between things that exist, there is a tendency to go left and now right on different issues at different times.

(2) Dewey stood for the idea of ??a democratic society, highly respected the American democratic tradition and democratic society, and advocated consistent reform of education as a democratic advocate. This is a rough development in the direction of overcoming individualism and totalitarianism. It undoubtedly has a progressive effect, but it has a great negative impact on their performance: based on society as the starting point of his theory of evolution, the American democratic society is idealized and denies class. Struggle and violent revolution deny the existence of social classes and racial inequality in the United States, and advocate the interests of gays, the welfare of gays, equal opportunities and democratic participation. Based on the American industrial revolution and technology, culture, and social life, we dedicated ourselves to the transformation of old education and established a new vocational education

(3) Dewey's great changes. Dewey overcame the shortcomings of naturalism, retroism, teacher-centeredness, and overcoming the shortcomings of education to overcome children and social contributions. However, he failed to correctly treat the precious heritage between and between the educational tradition - the traditional emphasis on scientific knowledge (especially in Education) is an advanced level of intellectual training where teachers play a leading role in the collective professional education of students. (4) 20 years of experience in Dewey’s philosophy, psychology, education and theoretical exploration and

, the perfect combination of breadth and depth, abstraction and concreteness, theory and practice, and experimental verification of products. But there are still a lot of inaccuracies, questionable points, and points for discussion.

History The 20th century progressivist education movement preceded and largely explained the negative progress (reaction) of John Dewey. Since the 19th century, the United States has gradually developed into the world's first industrial country. However, there are still many differences between rural and urban areas, old residents and new immigrants, Protestants and Catholics, proletariat and bourgeoisie, imperialist countries and imperialist countries. Confrontation with the Soviet Union still constituted a social crisis. Dewey envisioned a "new order" in the United States and in international society by overcoming this crisis by promoting a shift in America's traditional ideas of democracy and education (the main tools). Dewey adapted to the new educational trends, promoted the transformation of the educational goals and transformation of old children in society, and established a new education. Since the 19th century, the rise of Dewey's educational theory, the banner of the progressive education movement in the United States, shows that Dewey adapts to the needs of the times. However, the progressive educational movement questioned the eternal principles and elements of the school's doctrines from beginning to end, and they accused progressive education and knowledge transfer of not focusing on basic subjects and neglecting intellectual training. Developing the purpose of education, due to the important role of neglect in education, but also through challenges within the progressive movement, such as Bramelder's belief that schools are heavily influenced by dominant social and cultural efforts to reformulate the purpose of education, Brammeld later launched the banner of "transformational Marxism."

One day after the success of the Soviet Union's first Sputnik satellite in 1957, progressivism was criticized more broadly and harshly, even for American technology, and the national defense accused the progressivism education movement of being backward, followed by curriculum reform. In the 1960s, there was a momentum for re-evaluation of Dewey in the United States, and Dewey had been reaffirmed. a long time. Dewey's educational theory enjoys authority both in the United States and in the international community. Education has enjoyed honors so far, along with "Democracy and Education" and "Utopia", "Emil" Po, which has been hailed as an important practical and theoretical understanding of the new education movement in the United States and internationally.

From May 10, 1919 to July 10, 1921, Dewey visited and gave lectures in China, working in Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Beijing, Shanghai and 13 other provinces spoke to promote their pragmatic educational ideas. In 1919, the second series of "Lectures on Dewey in China" was published in the New Society of Shanghai and Jiangsu Normal Schools. In 1920, the third series, "Dewey's Lectures in China" was published in the Beijing Morning Post. 1922 The "New Academic System" was formulated. Educational children's center. Thao and so much inspiration come from our educators and the influence of Dewey. Before liberation, Dewey was one of the most widely used foreign influences on Chinese education by most people. After liberation, his educational thoughts and pragmatic business philosophy were criticized as imperialist and reactionary. Because of the emancipation of the mind, since the reform and opening up, some people in China have divided Dewey into two critical analyses. Dewey's education is regarded as a major social change and the "first knife" to promote social progress, and as a special child's growth and development, the environment is therefore seen on the one hand, emphasizing social, educational and social functions (" School is society. "Education is social life", etc.), on the other hand, emphasizes the combination of education and experience ("Education is a constantly transforming experience", "High School Life", etc.). In addition, the transformation of old education, the creation of new educational courage, the combination of theoretical exploration and experimental methods, democracy and science and other spirits are also worthy of our deep understanding and critical study.