The history of Alsace

With the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of Alaman. Alaman people are agricultural people, and their language has become the basis of today's Yarsas dialect. In the 5th century, Clovis I and Franks defeated Alaman, and Alsace became the territory of Australasia. Under the rule of Clovis I descendants of Morovia dynasty, local residents began to believe in Christianity. Later, Arthas became part of the Frankish Empire. In 842 AD, the Strasbourg oath was signed. In 843 AD, treaty of verdun divided the Frankish Empire into three countries. Alsace became the territory of the central Frankish Empire ruled by Charlemagne's youngest grandson, Lotteri I. Lothar I died in 855 AD, the central Frankish Empire was divided into three parts, and Arthas gave it to his second son Lotharingia. Later, Rotel I's brother, King Charles Balder of the West Frankish Kingdom and King Louis Teuton of the East Frankish Kingdom carved up the Central Frankish Empire. The Treaty of molson in 870 AD incorporated Alsace into the Principality of Svalbard, the Holy Roman Empire.

Holy Roman Empire

During this period, Alsace, like other parts of Europe, was divided by the church and secular feudal nobles. From 12 to 13 century, Alsace flourished under the rule of Hohenstaufen dynasty. Frederick I set up a "province" in Alsace (procuratio, not what is generally called "province" now), which was under the jurisdiction of ministeriales, a public official of the non-aristocratic class. This move is to make the place easier to control and prevent it from being out of the control of the empire. The province has a provincial court, and its administrative organ is located in Haguenau. Frederick II appointed the Catholic Church in Strasbourg to take charge of Alsace, but its power and responsibility were questioned by Count Rudolf Habsburg, who inherited the power of Conrad IV, the son of Frederick II. Strasbourg has gradually developed and become the most densely populated and important commercial town in this area. 1262, after a long struggle with bishops, Strasbourg gained the status of imperial free city. As a relay station on the Paris-Vienna-Toyo trade route and a port on the Rhine route connecting South Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, England and Scandinavia, Strasbourg has gradually become the political and economic center of the region. The economic importance of cities such as Korma and Haguenau has gradually increased, forming the "Décapole".

The prosperity of Alsace ended in a series of severe winters, poor harvests and the Black Death in the14th century. These natural disasters were blamed on Jews, which led to the massacres of 1336 and 1339. Another natural disaster is the earthquake of 1356, which is not only one of the biggest earthquakes in European history, but also makes Basel a ruin. It was not until the Renaissance that Alsace gradually recovered its prosperity under the Habsburg dynasty.

When the little French quarter in Strasbourg developed rapidly and became a rich land in Italy, the real power of the German central government began to decline, giving the hegemonic position of Europe to France, which had long been centralized. France began to actively develop eastward. When it extended to the Rhone and Meuse rivers, France turned its attention to the Rhine. 1299, France proposed the marriage of Philip IV's sister in France and Albrecht I's son in Germany, and Arthas became a gift for her. However, the transaction failed. 1307, Belfo was chartered by Count Montberry. In the next century, France declined due to the Hundred Years' War and temporarily stopped developing eastward. After the war, France once again turned its target to the Rhine. 1444, the French army entered Lorraine and Alsace. The French army camped here, demanding that Mace and Strasbourg surrender and attack Basel.

1469, with the signing of the Treaty of St. Omer, Austrian Grand Duke sigismund sold Alsace to bold Charlie for money. Although Charlie is the nominal owner, the tax of this place is given to Frederick III, the holy Roman Empire. From 65438 to 0477, Frederick III regained control of Upper Alsace (except the free city, but still including Belfo) by virtue of his dynastic marriage, and became the territory of the Habsburg family. Milos joined the Swiss Confederation in 15 15 and stayed there until 1798.

/kloc-During the Reformation in the 6th century, Strasbourg was a prosperous settlement, and its residents began to believe in Protestantism in 1523. Martin bucer is a famous Protestant reformer in this area. His efforts were opposed by the Habsburg family who believed in Roman Catholicism, trying to eliminate the Protestant faith in Upper Alsace. As a result, Alsace became a crisscross area of Catholicism and Protestantism. On the other hand, Mombelli Yard, southwest of Alsace, became the territory of Earl of Wü rttemberg in 1397, and was a French Protestant enclave until 1793. 1639, France occupied most of Alsace to avoid falling into the hands of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Spain hopes to clear the way with Spain and the Netherlands. This led to the Thirty Years' War (16 18- 1648). Surrounded by the enemy, and with the full treatment of Hungary, Spain sold Songgao's territory (mostly located in Upper Alsace) to France, which once occupied it, at the price of 1646 1 0.2 million Thales (Thaler,1Thales =3 marks). Therefore, when the Treaty of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648, most of Alsace became French territory except some towns. It is disturbing that Alsace is regarded as "Byzantium" in the treaty. This is considered to be a deliberate attempt to prevent the French king and the German emperor from completely controlling the area, create a confrontation between the two sides, and let Alsace maintain a certain degree of autonomy. Supporters of this argument point out that Isaac Vuormaa, the plenipotentiary of the Empire who wrote the article, was the former secretary-general of the Archdiocese of Alsace. Later, Alsace and Lorraine became disputed territories between Germany and France.

Due to the large number of casualties caused by the war (mainly in rural areas), from 1648 to1mid-8th century, a large number of immigrants went to Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Lorraine, Savoy and other regions. 1671-11year, Swiss (especially Bern) anabaptist refugees flooded into Alsace. Strasbourg became the main center of the early anabaptist movement.

The Nijmegen Treaty (1679) consolidated French control. France occupied Strasbourg in 168 1 and began in 1688. The French army was "br &；; ucirclez le Palatinat！” The policy began to invade Yugoslavia. 1697 The Treaty of Riswick, which ended the major league war, once again consolidated this territorial change. However, Arthas is a special existence in France. German is still used in local government, schools and education, and the University of Strasbourg (Lutheran Sect) in Germany continues to accept German students. The law prohibiting French Protestant Fontainebleau was not implemented in Alsace. Although the French government vigorously promoted Catholicism, and in 168 1 year, it was required that Strasbourg Cathedral of Lutheran Sect must be handed over to Catholicism, but unlike other parts of France, Alsace was more tolerant of religion. Alsace takes the Vosges Mountains as its border with France, but it has no similar natural border with Germany. Therefore, before the French Revolution, Arthas retained German culture and relied on Germany economically. 1789 During the French Revolution, Alsace was divided into Upper Rhine and Lower Rhine provinces. Arthas was very active during the French Revolution. On July 2 1789 and 2 1 day, after receiving the news of the capture of the Bastille, the local people captured the Strasbourg City Hall, and the city officials fled one after another, ending the feudal system in Alsace. 1792 In Strasbourg, Dillier wrote the revolutionary March La Marseillaise, which later became the national anthem of France. Some famous generals in the French Revolution came from Alsace, such as Fran &; Ccedil Fran? ois Christophe Kellerman N) and Kleber, who led the French army in Vendai.

At the same time, some Alsatians opposed the jacobin Party and supported Austria and Prussia to send troops to France to suppress the new revolutionary republic. Many residents of Songgao go on a pilgrimage for baptism or marriage, such as Maristan Abbey near Basel, Switzerland. Before the French Revolutionary Army captured the Rhine, tens of thousands of people had fled eastward. Later, when they were allowed to return to their hometown, they often found their land or homes confiscated. This situation led to 1803 to 1804 and 1808, and hundreds of families went to the undeveloped land of the Russian Empire. Goethe wrote down what he saw and heard during this period in his long poem Herman and dorothea.

Napoleon I was restored in 18 14 to 18 15, and foreign troops occupied Alsace. Rhine province alone has more than 280,000 troops, 9 in Maneba. After the rise of Mediterranean and Atlantic seaports, the original trade routes were changed, which seriously affected the local trade and economy.

The population growth in Alsace is very stable, from 800,000 in 18 14 to 9 14000 in 1830 to 1846. But it also caused food shortage, housing shortage, lack of job opportunities for young people and so on. So it's not surprising that Alsace lost its population. Not only the rise of Alsace community, but also famous figures such as Baron Haussmann and even the Russian and Austrian empires attracted Alsace people to settle down. Austria occupied the territory of the Ottoman Empire in Eastern Europe. In order to consolidate the ownership of the new territory, they provided favorable conditions for the pioneers. Since 1807, the United States banned the import of slaves, and cotton fields needed a lot of manpower, so many Alsatians settled in the United States. France was defeated by Prussia and other Germanic countries in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-7 1), which led to the unification of Germany. Bismarck incorporated Alsace and northern Lorraine into the German Empire established by 187 1 [1]. Unlike other countries in the Germanic Confederacy, they have their own government. Alsace-lorraine, the territory of the new empire, was owned by the emperor and managed by the Berlin imperial government. About 65,438+000,000 to 65,438+030,000 Arsas (with a total population of about 654.38+0.5 million) chose to remain French nationals and fled "Arsas-Lorraine", and many of them settled in French Algeria. Alsace-lorraine gained partial autonomy in 19 1 1 year, and has its own national flag and national anthem. However, the Sarvern incident in 19 13 also shows that Alsace's tolerance policy is still limited.

During the First World War, many Alsace women dressed in traditional costumes chose to join the navy and participated in the naval rebellion, which led to the abdication of the German emperor in 19 18 1 and the loss of the nominal head of alsace-lorraine. When these people returned to their hometown, they tried to establish a republic. At this time, Jacques perrot, the agent of alsace-lorraine region who had just been elected as the mayor of Strasbourg, announced the loss of sovereignty of the German Empire and the arrival of France. In addition, the self-proclaimed government of alsace-lorraine also declared independence and established the Republic of alsace-lorraine. In less than two weeks, the French army entered Alsace. Seeing that the people of Alsace warmly welcomed the French army, under the pressure of France, the United States and other allies withdrew the proposal of a referendum. Although American President Wilson insisted that the region should be decided by itself under legal circumstances, because according to the Constitution, the ruler of the region is the emperor, not the German Empire, but France is not allowed to hold a referendum because the French people think that they have liberated Alsace from the German Empire. In the Treaty of Versailles, Germany ceded this land to France.

During World War II, Germany occupied this area at 1940 and became the territory of Nazi Germany. Alsace merged into Baden, and Lorraine merged into Sal. In order to stop the local anti-German discrimination, the Nazis imposed a harsh dictatorship. However, in order to reserve the opportunity to reach an agreement with the West, the German government never formally announced the annexation or held negotiations.

1944 France regained control of Alsace and implemented the French policy. However, today's local laws are still obviously different from other parts of France. Please refer to Alsace-Moser province.

In recent years, nationalist sentiment has gradually faded, and local, ethnic and European countries have once again advocated Alsace's regional identity. French schools regard Arsas as a dialect (not enforced by the government). German is a foreign language in local kindergartens and schools. However, the French Constitution still stipulates that French is the only official language in the country.