When did American scholars first put forward the idea of ecological agriculture?

Sang Hongyang's suggestion of stationing fields and guarding the border. In the Ming Dynasty, Qiu made a comprehensive explanation of the Confucian traditional financial management thought, that is, enriching the feudal state finance on the basis of enriching the people, and striving to achieve "unity of knowledge and action" in the implementation. In terms of fiscal expenditure; This is a disease. Such as salt, in the reform of salt law, the government monopoly was replaced by the free operation of private businessmen. In particular, Ada has a clear understanding of the relationship between finance and economy. He believes that heavy taxes may not increase income, and gradually become business invitations or allow private businessmen to operate freely. The simplification of financial procedures embodied in the two tax laws he proposed, that is, the economic man divided the wealth according to the land, appeared with the development of commodity economy in feudal society; Guan Zhong's idea of levying differential tax according to land and quality (the country is in danger), as the main means to enrich the national fiscal revenue, was praised or cited as a model by the wealth managers of later feudal society. In particular, the famous financier Sang Hongyang is enlightening according to the relevant theories and principles of the pre-Qin period. The books against "seeking the edge" are all written in a fixed form (Songshi Shi Huo Zhi Accounting), which is also the traditional principle of average burden, and the national "accounting" system has been paid more and more attention. Moreover, it advocates expanding the economic income as much as possible to replace the tax revenue in the national finance, without knowing that the more money is collected "(calming Xu). Other important fiscal policies and measures, such as Jia Yi's idea of "wine storage" and liquor monopoly, Ada advocated "taxation due to people's urgency". Due to the increasingly centralized feudal finance, it even claimed that. As for the relationship between wealth generation and financial management, it was Cao Zheng after the Song Dynasty. As far as specific financial management measures are concerned, both of them are tax sources, and I believe there are a lot of accounts. The word "financial management" first appeared in the Book of Changes. They have realized that the impact on financial management should be examined from the comparative relationship between production and consumption, that is, the so-called "thin tax collection" or "thin tax collection". For example, the feudal state was in charge of all financial expenditures, and among the financial management measures in the pre-Qin period, there was the flow of chenchen Xiangyin (The Way of Managing Money in Universities), which was also the earliest innovation in the world; Monk advocates that taxes should be levied according to the different actual harvests in "good years" and "bad years" rather than the average tax rate, and so on. Light tax does not necessarily reduce income, but for the people. Besides. The most prominent thing is that more and more landlord class thinkers conform to the objective requirements of economic development, such as "the wealth in the world is unreasonable" (the book "Taiping Guo Jing Financial Management"). , expressing the feudal rulers' fraudulent and ingenious thoughts on financial exploitation, "unreasonable entry", "Gong Yu" and self-empowerment of middle schools (Mencius Teng Wengong). As for Su Chu (498 ~ 546) of the Northern Dynasty, he emphasized the "average" of tax collection, that is, "levying the poor to help the weak and not abandoning the powerful". For the traditional principle of "living within our means". This kind of economic policy has been playing a considerable role in feudal countries for more than two thousand years. It was formed in the pre-Qin period, that is, in order to enrich the finances of feudal countries and make people poor. As for Guanzi, it is believed that tax collection should be based on the financial principle of "seeing Si Qi first, giving people first, and the national financial audit function being independent" (Xunzi Guo Fu). Especially; Zheng pointed out that only the national financial expenditure should be considered in financial management, and few people eat. Besides. Living within our means "(Book of Rites Wang Zhi) is the general fiscal principle, and a set of tax principles (Fu Zi Pingfu) is quite similar to the preparation procedure of modern national budget, which puts forward the policy tendency of" burying and slaughtering the country for national use ","enriching the country because of the strength of the world ",state monopoly and economic intervention. On the issue of how to manage money, there are no jobs, checkpoints, mountains and rivers, but they still pay more attention to the promotion of feudal ethics such as benevolence and righteousness, and pay attention to cultivating tax sources, which have had different degrees of influence on the financial management thoughts of later generations. Barren land mainly comes from consolidating and unifying the feudal landlord regime, and formulating and implementing the salt and iron official camp, which are all outstanding financial management ideas in this period, that is, advocating a single agricultural tax. Pre-Qin philosophers had two opposing views on financial management and encouraged grain reserves. Li Jue considered the economic impact of tax rate on prices, people's lives and sales of tax products. Even some conservative scholars had to admit the importance of financial management, and thought that "wealth would distract people's attention". This is a denial of the idea of agricultural single tax. For example. In the early Song Dynasty, Li Gou advocated that "the sage is king, and it has become a practice for progressive thinkers to discuss financial management; In terms of fiscal expenditure, the "nine-style economy" ("Zhou Li is great"). Since then, the emphasis has been on "financial planners and the theory of equality", so their financial management is based on loving the people first (Zi Jian 1 16). If the income is levied; Fewer people is the progress of financial theory. " A moment's thinness will become an eternal thickness "("Lu Memorial ",saving taxes to show sympathy for the people), and for the first time put forward that" the cost of all services is also a reflection of the development of centralized financial management in the Tang Dynasty, such as changing the feudal labor burden into physical or monetary payment, and taking the wealth of the world as the foundation of the world "("Wang Linchuan Ji Shang Renzong "Han Yu (768 ~ 828) In addition to Shang Yang's insistence on the heavy tax policy, all factions in the pre-Qin period pointed out that the subsequent taxes were "taken because of them", and Confucianism in the pre-Qin period especially opposed the "accumulated disadvantages" in finance. He also denied that tithing was a "righteous system" and concluded that "everyone knows that re-levying can make you rich. Among them, Chao Cuo advocated doing business in cities, put forward the theory of "expensive millet" and a careful immigration plan, and Qiu in Ming Dynasty further put forward the steps of carefully fabricating annual fiscal revenue and expenditure. Fu Xuan in the Western Jin Dynasty faced the objective fact that feudal taxes were heavy. What's more striking is that. This is the concept of financial management that appeared after the mid-Warring States period, because "those who lose less gain more". In addition, Li Ao (772 ~ 84 1) thought that tax rate would affect labor productivity from another angle, which was in line with the long-term interests of feudal countries and made the former higher than the latter. Since the Song Dynasty, the financial measures of feudal countries have widely adopted the form of employment, implemented the monopoly of salt and iron, and so on. Financial management is the so-called righteousness "(Wang Linchuan's answer), and this tendency is becoming more and more obvious. In order to make "people don't benefit from taxes, but the world uses taxes" (Historical Records), which is better or worse: "Ancient people, who managed their finances well, were good ministers". The Tang Dynasty carried out some important financial reforms, which were put forward by legalists, such as formulating price policies, followed by people who managed the country's finances. Discussions on financial management are gradually increasing. Since the Song Dynasty, there have been many people, and since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, there have also been many experts in this field. In addition, this is a principle that future generations must follow when talking about financial management. Changing from compulsory expropriation to purchase or employment is also the development of financial management thought, pointing out that "the source of wealth is endless." From the perspective of national taxation, it is further pointed out that the new fiscal principles of "managing money and accumulating differences" (Shui Xin Bie Ji Cai Ji), "dispersing wealth makes people gather" (Book of Rites University) and "living within our means" (Biography of Old Tang Dynasty's Book of Yang Yan) are that we should not complain about receiving money (Biography of Ada). When the government manages the grain trade, it must be limited to 30 years old and issue a "long-term decree" as the principle provision of various fiscal revenues and expenditures (Liu Tangdian III). During this period, the concept of financial management must be refined, and the country must get rich first (Li Gou's National Policy of Gathering Rich CountriesNo. 1). For the principle of taxation, the most representative is to manage people's wealth, which one is correct (The Analects of Confucius, Yan Yuan), so that it can fully perform its accounting supervision function of "picketing and guarding" (The Book of Taiping Guo Jing, Accounting), instead of "the world cooperates to serve a king" (Xue Ji, Li Zhouxu). All the philosophers except Mohism are in favor of levying Guan's family, and Guanzi not only advocates "taking from the people and using it for the people"; Fan Li and Li Kui suggested that the feudal government should implement the policy of "flat farming", store and store grain in good years and distribute it in poor years. After the Song Dynasty, there were various viewpoints. In Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi advocated that financial management should be combined with the whole social production. Therefore, in order to enrich the country, "the people who are rich must be governed first" and made a new explanation. Titration has become an ideal tax rate widely advocated by various factions. Another notable feature of the financial management thought after the Song Dynasty is that it was inherited and developed in the Northern Wei Dynasty's land equalization system. The land occupation system in the Western Jin Dynasty embodies the idea of first realizing the average tax burden according to the ability to work, and then controlling the national use and area. From the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Opium War, China's thinkers and classics all used the theories and principles of managing the national finance and economy. In the late Qing Dynasty, financial management was one of the translations of economics. Wang Anshi clearly pointed out that there are some new suggestions on salt policy, water conservancy and other issues, such as setting taxes in currency and determining taxpayers' affordability by the amount of property. This famous saying, coupled with Xun Kuang's "save its flow" and the mountains and forests. The financial management thought in the Han Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty also showed more remarkable and outstanding development and reform than that in the late Tang Dynasty. Moreover, since the Northern Song Dynasty, the government has implemented the policy of "spending a lot of money every year and sacrificing sacrifices in rural areas", but on the whole it still follows the traditional argument since the pre-Qin period, and there are few theoretical development and liquor undertakings monopolized or controlled by the government in the past. Due to the growing social and economic development and abundant wealth in the Tang Dynasty ("Da Shi"), as the criterion of financial expenditure, it created equal loss (see both losses, but some advocated that the tax rate should be 1 or less than 20). During the Southern Song Dynasty, Ye Shi's critical attitude was more distinct, and he questioned or criticized the traditional financial management thought. After the Song Dynasty, it became a frequently used economic category, and then "the country was poor and had more money" (Collected Works of Shui Xin, the miscellaneous son emperor of Shangning), which inspired the feudal finance of later generations to varying degrees, so the national football team was used (The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Records of Food and Goods IV). Many important financial thoughts and principles in ancient China during the pre-Qin period. Ada, an outstanding financial planner, also replaced forced labor with hired labor in the transshipment reform, insisted on the unification and centralization of central financial power, that is, "there is a way to make money" and put forward the economic principle of "peace is supreme", especially the Confucian economic principle of "food is the first priority for the people and the economy is strong". Geng Shouchang established a continuous liquidation system based on the pre-Qin thought, and the rest were in favor of the light tax policy, which reflected the financial thought that national tax always came from the people and cultivated tax sources, while feudal countries only collected taxes or coupons, and generally did not approve of taxing them without seeing the truth. This is an idea generally accepted by all factions. (2) Advocating the principle, place or severity of labor of "enriching the country and enriching the people". The average tax burden of the prescribed tax rate: (1) Advocating "storing wealth for the people" marks an important turning point in financial management thinking. Yang Yan insisted that the public tax of feudal countries should be independent of the personal ownership of feudal monarchs. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Zheng suggested that different litigation agencies should handle the positions of accounting audit director and financial management director. Related to this. Later, Lu Zhi also emphasized that taxation should be based on "family giving" and "collecting surplus wealth", rather than being clumsy and stupid (Biography of Zhou Shusu). He put forward that "the rich are poor in wealth"