Geography knowledge points for the first year of high school

Review Outline for Compulsory Course Two in High School Geography published by People's Education Press

Chapter 1 Changes in Population

1.1 Quantitative Changes in Population

1. The natural growth of a region's population is determined simultaneously by the birth rate and death rate. [Memory]

2. Several important population days: "World Population Day of 6 Billion" (1999/10/12); China's population of 1.3 billion (2005/1/6).

3. The amount of natural population growth in a certain area is affected by the natural growth rate of the population and the size of the population base. (Comprehension and memory)

4. The population growth model consists of three indicators: birth rate, death rate, and natural growth rate. (memory)

Formula: natural growth rate = birth rate - death rate

5. Characteristics of the three population growth models (memory)

Population model characteristics

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Primitive type: high birth rate, high death rate, low natural growth rate

Traditional type: high birth rate, low death rate, high natural growth rate

Modern type: low birth rate, Low mortality rate, low natural growth rate

6. Change in population growth model: [Memory]

The population growth model is changing from primitive to traditional, and then to modern.

Factors of transformation: productivity level, national policies, social welfare, natural environment, cultural concepts

7. Most developed countries (represented by Europe and North America) are modern, and most of them are modern. Most developing countries are traditional, China is modern, and the world is in a transitional stage from traditional to modern. [Memory]

1.2 Spatial changes in population

1. Population migration: People’s places of residence change within the international or national context. [Memory]

Judgement of population migration: whether there is a geographical movement (change in administrative location); whether there is a change in residence; change in time (usually one year)

2. Types of population migration (according to whether it crosses national borders): international migration, domestic migration

3. Comparison of international population migration before and after World War II: [Memory]

Reasons for migration Characteristics Migration Route

Before World War II 1. Colonial expansion and capitalist development

2. Great geographical discoveries and the opening of new routes 1. From the Old World to the New World

2. From known developed countries to undeveloped areas 1. Europeans went to America and Africa

2. Black Africans were trafficked to the Americas

3. People from East and South Asia were recruited to the Americas

After World War II, the economic development of various countries was uneven. 1. From developing countries to developed countries

2. Settled immigrants have decreased and migrant workers (foreign workers) have increased. 1. Latin Americans come to North America to work

2. People from South Asia, Southern Europe, and Africa go to West Asia to work

3. Southern Europe and Africans to Western Europe

4. Population migration in China since the founding of New China: [Memory]

Reasons for migration Characteristics of migration direction

1980s Before mid-term 1. Planned economic system

2. Strict household registration management system is carried out in a planned and organized manner 1. The state deploys various personnel from eastern cities to support the construction of western, inland and border areas

2. A large number of rural people moved from the densely populated areas in the east to the northwest and northeast

After the mid-1980s, the reform and opening up policy resulted in spontaneous migration from the inland to the coast, from mountainous areas to plains, from poor areas to developed areas, and from "migrant workers"

5. The significance of population migration [understanding]

Adjust the spatial distribution of population and talent shortage, strengthen ethnic integration and cultural exchanges, promote economic development and narrow regional differences.

6. The impact of population migration on the place of immigration and the place of emigration [understanding memory]

On the place of emigration: good effects include reducing the population density of the place of emigration, mitigating The pressure of population on the environment; the bad impact is the loss of talents and labor force

On the place where the population is immigrating: the good impact is the inflow of talents and the provision of cheap labor, which is conducive to economic development; the bad impact As population density increases, population pressure on the environment increases

7. Factors affecting population migration: [Memory]

○1 Changes in the natural environment and socio-economic environment○2 Individuals’ Changes in life or career needs

Among the factors affecting population migration, economic factors often play an important role.

1.3 Reasonable capacity of population

1. The relationship between environmental carrying capacity and population capacity [understanding]

Environmental carrying capacity refers to the population that the environment can sustainably support quantity. An important indicator to measure environmental carrying capacity is the environmental population.

2. The concept and constraints of environmental population capacity [memory]

Environmental population capacity refers to the utilization of local resources and other resources and intelligence by a country or region within a foreseeable period. and technology and other conditions, and the number of people that the country and region can sustainably support while ensuring a material living standard that meets social and cultural standards. (Maximum population that can be accommodated)

Constraining factors: resources (directly proportional), level of scientific and technological development (directly proportional), and living and cultural consumption levels (inversely proportional).

3. The concept of reasonable population capacity: [Memory]

Under the premise of ensuring a healthy living standard according to a reasonable lifestyle without hindering the quality of life of the future population, a country or the optimal population size for a region.

4. The urgency of maintaining a reasonable population capacity: [Memory]

The increasingly serious problems of excessive population growth, population urbanization, and urban population aging

5. Measures to maintain a reasonable population capacity: [Memory]

○1 The international community advocates trying to control the population within a reasonable scale as much as possible○2 Establish a fair order to ensure that most people have the continuous pursuit of Equal rights to a high level of quality of life

Chapter 2 Cities and Urbanization

2.1 Urban Internal Spatial Structure

1. The agglomeration effect of urban land use [Understanding ]

The same type of land use often has the same land space and location requirements, which will lead to the agglomeration of the same kind of activities in urban space.

2. There are no clear boundaries between functional areas. A certain functional area is mainly based on a certain land use method, and may also include other types of land. [Memory]

3. Comparison of functional areas [Understanding Memory]

4. Urban regional structure model: [Memory]

Concentric circle model, multi-core model , sector model

5. Economic factors are the main factors affecting the internal spatial structure of the city, which are reflected in the rent-paying ability of various activities. The main factors that affect the ability to pay rent include: the convenience of transportation and the distance from the city center. [Understanding Memory]

6. Schematic diagram of the rent-paying capacity of various land uses decreasing with distance [Understanding]

7. Other factors affecting the internal spatial structure of the city: [Memory]

Income levels lead to differentiation of residential areas

Historical, cultural or economic reputation

Ethnic or religious groups (Chinatown, etc.)

The influence of early land use methods

8. The internal spatial structure of the city gradually formed and changed with the development of the city [understanding]

In the early days: the differentiation of functional areas was not obvious, and the city center was dominated by markets, Transportation and other advantages attract industrial agglomeration

After a certain scale: due to land shortage, traffic congestion, environmental pollution and other problems, factories and enterprises have relocated outwards, and the internal spatial structure of the city has changed.

2.2 Service functions of cities at different levels

1. City level division and basis: [Memory]

Urban levels are generally divided into: market towns, cities, large cities Cities and megacities

my country’s classification: megacities (more than 1 million), large cities (500,000 to 1 million), medium cities (200,000 to 500,000), small cities (less than 200,000), and below For counties, incorporated towns, etc.

Based on: urban population size

2. The relationship between city level and service scope [understanding]

The city level is low and the service types are If there are few, the service scope is relatively small; if the city level is high, the service types are many, the service scope is relatively large.

3. Factors influencing changes in Shanghai’s city level and service scope [Understanding and Memory]

Shanghai is located at the midpoint of my country’s north and south coastlines and at the outlet of the Yangtze River

Shanghai has a developed railway network, which provides Shanghai with sufficient raw materials, labor, agricultural products and a huge market

Shanghai is located in the Yangtze River Delta, with flat and open terrain.

4. Urban hierarchy: [memory]

A city’s service types and service scopes correspond to the city’s hierarchy. In the same area, the city’s spatial distribution also Closely related to the city's hierarchy, these different levels of urban space combinations constitute a region's urban hierarchy system.

5. The relationship between city level and the number of cities and their mutual distance [understanding]

The number of cities with higher levels is smaller and farther apart; the number of cities with lower levels is larger , relatively close to each other.

(Southern Germany as an example)

6. Central place theory [understanding]

2.3 Urbanization

1. The meaning of urbanization [understanding]

Urbanization of land (conversion of rural land into urban land)

Urbanization of population (conversion of rural population into urban population)

A process of upgrading urban levels

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The process of forming a regional urban hierarchy

2. The driving force for population migration to cities: [Memory]

Push: Rapid population growth puts great pressure on land, and naturally Disasters, low income, and shortage of social services

Pull force: many employment opportunities, high level of social welfare protection, complete cultural facilities, and convenient transportation

3. Indicators for measuring the level of urbanization: cities The proportion of population in the total population [Memory]

4. The significance of urbanization: [Memory]

○1 The economic center of urban regional development can drive regional economic development, and The improvement of regional economic level also promotes the development of cities

○2 Promotes changes in settlement forms, production methods, lifestyles, values, etc.

5. The process of world urbanization [Understanding Memory]

Urbanization Stage Level Development Speed ??Regional Expansion

Trend Common Problems

Early Stage Below 25~30, Low Slow Slow Mixed use of land for various urban functions Layout, functional area differentiation is unclear

Middle stage 30~70, higher Rapidly fast Traffic congestion, environmental deterioration, housing shortage, etc., suburban urbanization

Late stage 70 and above, high Slow, or even stagnant, continues to grow, hollowing out of the centers of large cities, counter-urbanization, etc.

6. Comparison of urbanization in developing and developed countries

Developing countries: started late ( After World War II), rapid development; low level (average 33); irrational development (abnormal development); in the early and middle stages

Developed countries: early start (after the first industrial revolution); level High (average 70); counter-urbanization phenomenon occurs; in the late stage

7. The impact of urbanization on the geographical environment [memory]

Source Harm

Air pollution: smoke and dust emitted by urban residents; [smoke gas emitted by industrial and mining enterprises]; tail gas emitted by various vehicles. Pollutants include soot, dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, lead and other harmful substances, which pollute the air and endanger health ( London smog incident, photochemical pollution, acid rain)

Water pollution, industrial wastewater, domestic sewage, deteriorates the quality of rivers, lakes, seas and groundwater, endangering human health and animal and plant reproduction (bone pain, etc.)

Solid waste pollution: industrial production, urban construction, residential consumption, endangering human health and the environment (white pollution, used batteries, etc.)

Noise pollution: transportation, industrial production, construction, social activities, hindering people's rest , work, endangering human health

8. How to build an "ecological city": [Memory]

○1 In urban construction, it is necessary to develop low-pollution, energy-saving buildings and green transportation. Reduce environmental pollution

○2 Make the urban landscape as harmonious as possible with natural landscapes such as mountains, rivers, lakes, seas, and vegetation, and establish a virtuous cycle ("harmony between man and nature")

Chapter 3 The Formation and Development of Agricultural Regions

3.1 Location Selection of Agriculture

1. The Concept of Agriculture: [Memory]

Human Use of Land of natural productivity, cultivating plants or raising animals to obtain desired products.

2. The meaning of agricultural location: [Understanding and Memory]

○1 The location of agricultural production○2 The connection between agriculture and various factors of the geographical environment

3. Main location factors of agriculture: [memory]

Natural factors: climate, terrain, soil, water sources

Socioeconomic factors: market, labor force, transportation, policy, machinery, technology

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An important factor in determining the type and scale of agricultural activities is market factors.

4. The essence of agricultural location selection: rational use of agricultural land [memory]

5. Judgment of location factors that dominate agricultural activities [understanding]

Rice is mainly distributed in monsoon areas, "Oranges grow in Huainan and become tangerines, and those in Huaibei become tangerines" (climate factors)

Three-dimensional agriculture in Qianyanzhou (topography factors)

Since the reform and opening up, changes in my country's subtropical coastal agricultural landscape (market and policy)

Tea should be planted in acidic red soil in the south (soil factors)

The dairy industry, Horticulture (traffic factors)

6. Changes in agricultural location factors [understanding and memory]

Natural factors are relatively stable, while socio-economic factors develop and change rapidly.

Examples of using science and technology to transform natural factors: cultivating improved varieties to promote agricultural development (Yuan Longping’s expansion of hybrid rice and rubber tree planting areas); improving local natural conditions to develop agriculture (greenhouse agriculture to produce off-season vegetables)

The development of transportation and the advancement of refrigeration technology have led to the specialization and regionalization of world agriculture

7. The meaning of agricultural regions: [Memory]

In a certain stage of historical development , an agricultural production area formed under the comprehensive influence of social, economic, technological, cultural and natural conditions. The formation of agricultural regions is the result of developing agriculture according to local conditions and rationally utilizing agricultural land.

8. Factors affecting agricultural regional types: [Memory]

○1 Different regional distributions of animals and plants○2 Natural conditions○3 Social and economic conditions

9. Location conditions of mixed agriculture in Australia: [Memory]

Natural location conditions: mild climate, moderate precipitation; fertile soil; flat terrain; sufficient water sources

Socioeconomic conditions: broad market (The world's main wheat and livestock product producing area); rich labor force; advanced production methods and technology

10. The main characteristics of Australia's mixed agriculture: [memory]

Production structure: planting industry and Mixed agriculture combining animal husbandry (wheat-sheep)

Management method: family farm

Technology application: zoned rotational grazing, planting high-quality forage, and crop rotation system

High levels of agricultural specialization and regionalization

Development measures: East-to-West Water Diversion

3.2 Types of agricultural regions dominated by planting industry

1. Monsoon paddy field agricultural distribution and crops [memory]

Distribution: Asian monsoon areas (all distributed in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia)

Crops: mainly rice (rice habits: good Warm and happy)

2. Location conditions of monsoon paddy field agriculture: [Memory]

○1 The climate is dominated by monsoon, with high temperature and rain suitable for rice growth○2 The terrain is flat, suitable for paddy fields Management ○3 Dense population and abundant labor force ○4 More people and less land, living habits lead to large demand for food ○5 Rice production has a long history (7,000 years of history)

3. Characteristics of monsoon paddy farming [memory] ]

○1 Small farmer operation (small scale of production) ○2 High yield, low commodity rate ○3 Low level of mechanization and science ○4 Large amount of water conservancy projects

4. Commercial grain agriculture Distribution and crops [memory]

Distribution: United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine

Crops: wheat, corn

5. Commercial grain agriculture Location conditions [memory]

○1 Superior natural conditions (mild climate, flat terrain, fertile soil) ○2 Convenient transportation ○3 Vast market ○4 Vast land and sparsely populated areas ○5 High degree of mechanization ○6 Advanced agricultural science and technology

6. The main characteristics of commercial grain agriculture [memory]

Large production scale, high commodity rate, high level of mechanization and science and technology

3.3 or above Types of agricultural regions dominated by animal husbandry

1. Distribution and production objects of large-scale pasture grazing [memory]

Distribution: United States, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa (arid, semi-arid and semi-arid areas) Arid climate zone)

Production objects: cattle and sheep

2. Location conditions of large pasture grazing industry [memory]

○1 Warm climate and lush grass ○2 The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land price is low ○3 It is close to the seaport and has convenient transportation

3. Characteristics of large ranch grazing industry [memory]

Large production scale, high commodity rate, and professionalism High degree of globalization

4. Measures for the development of Argentina’s large ranch grazing industry [Memory]

○1 Fence grazing, zoned rotational grazing, growing feed, and opening up water sources○2 Cultivate fine breed cattle, Strengthen research on cattle diseases

5. Distribution of dairy livestock industry and agricultural products [memory]

Distribution: Great Lakes region of North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia, New Zealand

Agricultural products: milk and dairy products

6. Location conditions of the dairy industry [memory]

○1 The climate is cool and humid, suitable for the growth of succulent grass○2 The high level of urbanization, the influence of living habits, and the large demand for dairy and livestock products

7. The main characteristics of the dairy and livestock industry [memory]

High commodity rate; high degree of mechanization; intensive High degree of industrialization; mostly distributed around big cities

Chapter 4 The formation and development of industrial regions

4.1 Industrial location factors and location selection

Type name Typical industrial sectors Advantages

Development areas

Raw material-oriented industries Sugar production, aquatic product processing industry, fruit processing industry Areas rich in required industrial raw materials

Market-oriented industries Bottled beverage industry, furniture manufacturing industry , printing industry, areas close to product consumption markets

Power-oriented industries, non-ferrous metal smelting industry, chemical industry, areas with sufficient energy supply

Cheap labor-oriented industries, general clothing, electronic assembly, Belt making, umbrella making, shoe making industries Areas with a large amount of cheap labor

Technology-oriented industries Integrated circuits, aerospace, aviation, precision instruments Areas with developed higher education and science and technology.

1. Economic benefits

From the perspective of economic benefits, the factory should choose a place with obvious location advantages to obtain the highest profits with the lowest production costs.

2. Social benefits

The impact of changes in national policies: from the great development of industry in my country's coastal areas in the 1980s to my country's large-scale development of the western region in the early 21st century.

Needs for national defense: From the 1950s to the 1970s, my country established some large-scale industrial bases in the mainland, mainly heavy industry and military industry.

The influence of personal preferences: A large number of overseas Chinese and overseas Chinese invest and set up factories in their hometowns.

Influence of industrial inertia: It may be due to the high cost of factory relocation, government influence, local economic considerations, etc. It can often be seen that the location of a certain factory is unreasonable, but it still remains. There, this is called industrial inertia

3. Environmental benefits

Read the textbook P61 "Location Selection Map for Seriously Polluting Industries" and analyze how to choose the location of seriously polluting industries?

Analysis process: a certain factory - type of pollution - how to control it

IV. The overall analysis idea of ??the location selection of a factory:

Economic benefits, social benefits, environmental benefits

4.2 The formation of industrial regions

1. Industrial connections - industry Agglomeration—Industrial Region

1. Industrial connection

(1) Input-output connection

The first is that the output of enterprise A is the input of enterprise B. Such as spinning - weaving - printing and dyeing - clothing manufacturing. The connection between different processes in the same factory also belongs to this kind of connection, such as the production assembly line.

(2) Non-production spatial connections

Some factories have no connection with each other in terms of production processes, but are connected in geographical space. This kind of relationship between factories Some of the spatial connections are for the common use of infrastructure, and some are for the common use of cheap labor, such as different industrial enterprises in some economic and technological development zones

2. Industrial agglomeration

In industrial development, industrial agglomeration often occurs in some factories with industrial connections.

The advantages of industrial agglomeration can make full use of infrastructure, strengthen information exchange and technical collaboration between each other, reduce transportation costs and energy consumption of intermediate products, etc., and ultimately reduce production costs and increase profits. Gain economies of scale.

3． Industrial region

(1) The concept of industrial region

The region formed by industrial agglomeration is called industrial region.

(2) The formation of industrial regions

Industrial regions can be divided into two categories according to different formation processes:

① Spontaneously formed industrial regions

It is mainly formed by the spontaneous agglomeration of industrial enterprises with input-output links in production;

②The planned and constructed industrial areas

have the same characteristics as the former Types are also formed by the agglomeration of different industries under the same infrastructure conditions.

(3) Nature of industrial regions

Industrial regions are divided into two categories according to their different levels of development:

①Industrial regions with a lower degree of development

(such as the food industry), mainly local agricultural and sideline products processing industries, with simple industrial connections, small scale, and few factories.

②Highly developed industrial areas

(such as steel industrial zones) have complex industrial connections, large areas, many collaborative enterprises, and large production scales, which can often form a large number of specializations. A strong industrial city. There are many famous "steel cities", "oil cities" and "automobile cities" in my country and the world

2. Industrial dispersion and regional connections between industries

In recent years, some high-tech, Industries with complex processes (such as aircraft, automobile manufacturing and electronics industries) are beginning to see a trend of decentralization. Multinational enterprises are looking for optimal location conditions around the world to reduce costs and ultimately obtain the greatest comprehensive economic benefits.

4.3 Traditional industrial areas and new industrial areas

1. Traditional industrial areas

1. Main distribution: Ruhr area in Germany, Midland area in England, The Northeastern Industrial Zone of the United States, the Central and South Liaoning Industrial Zone of my country, etc.

2. Characteristics of traditional industrial zones

⑴ Generally based on rich coal and iron resources, they are dominated by traditional industries such as textiles, coal, steel, machinery, and chemicals;

⑵ It has gradually developed with large enterprises as the axis; the industrial distribution is highly concentrated.

3. History:

It began to decline in the 1950s, especially after the 1970s, and many countries have since carried out long-term transformation.

2. The development, decline and improvement of the Ruhr area (read the textbook picture)

1. Location characteristics of development

(1) Rich coal resources (2) Close to iron mines (3) Abundant water sources

(4) Convenient transportation (5) Vast Market

The Ruhr area is based on the coal industry, dominated by the steel industry, and a few heavy industry sectors are highly concentrated.

1. The main reasons for the decline

After the 1950s, the economy began to decline. The reasons are: (1) Single production structure

The five traditional industrial sectors of the Ruhr area: coal, electricity , steel, machinery, chemical industry

(2) The declining energy status of coal (3) Global steel surplus

(4) The impact of the new technological revolution (5) Land shortage, environmental Serious pollution

3. Comprehensive rectification measures

In the 1960s, the Ruhr District began to implement the overall rules of comprehensive rectification, which mainly carried out comprehensive rectification from five aspects. A. Adjust the industrial structure B. Adjust the industrial layout C. Develop the tertiary industry D. Optimize the environment

3. The concept and distribution of emerging industrial zones

Concept: Emerging industrial zones refer to After the 1950s, industrial regions dominated by flexible small and medium-sized enterprises gradually formed in some rural areas in developed countries.

Mainly distributed: in the northeastern and central regions of Italy, southern Germany, as well as the "Silicon Valley" of the United States, Japan's "Silicon Island" (Kyushu Island)

4. Emerging Italy Industrial Area (read textbook picture)

1. The main conditions for the development of Italy's emerging industrial zones

①A large number of cheap labor is the local condition for development;

②The substantial price increase of raw materials and energy in the 1970s is the international condition for development;

③Developed credit system

④Italy’s highly open economy

⑤Strong support from the government

2. Development characteristics

Industrial zones Italy’s emerging industrial zones Traditional industrial zones

Production scale Mainly small and medium-sized enterprises Mainly large enterprises

Main industrial sectors Light industry Heavy industry

The production process is decentralized and concentrated.

The degree of capital concentration is low. High

Industrial distribution is scattered in small towns or rural areas. Concentrated layout

3. Unique development model—industrial community

(1) Concept

Refers to the small and medium-sized enterprises in a region (between production enterprises and production enterprises, between production enterprises and non-production enterprises) and A business activity is the center, and a mutual trusting and relatively stable cooperative relationship and production, supply and marketing system are gradually established based on modern business needs.

(2) Function

It helps to strengthen specialization, improve production efficiency, reduce production costs, and enhance competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets.

5. "Silicon Valley" in the United States (read the textbook picture)

1. Characteristics

Since the middle and late 20th century, driven by the new technological revolution, some emerging industries with high technological content have developed rapidly.

(1)Talent: high level of practitioners (2)Products: high research and development costs;

(3)Fast growth and update; (4)Products are oriented to the international market

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2． Reasons for its rise

(1) Superior location and beautiful environment (2) Pleasant climate. The climate here is Mediterranean, warm and humid.

(3) Colleges and universities. Stanford University (4) Convenient transportation and fast access. Mainly highway and air transport.

(5) Military order: special conditions!

Chapter 5 Transportation Layout and Its Impact

1. Main transportation modes and their characteristics:

Transportation Mode Advantages Disadvantages

Railway transportation is one of the most important modes of transportation in contemporary times. Large transportation volume, fast speed, low freight, little impact from natural factors, and good continuity. Railway construction is expensive, consumes a lot of metal materials, covers a large area, and has high short-distance transportation costs

Road transportation is the most developed It is the fastest, most widely used and increasingly important mode of transportation. Flexible maneuverability, fast turnover, convenient loading and unloading, and strong adaptability to various natural conditions. Small transportation volume, high energy consumption, high cost, and expensive freight

Water transportation is the oldest transportation mode, transportation volume Large, low investment, low cost. Slow speed, poor flexibility and continuity, and greatly affected by natural factors such as waterway hydrological conditions and weather conditions.

Air transportation is fast and highly efficient. It is the fastest modern transportation method

The transportation volume is small, the energy consumption is large, the freight is high, the equipment investment is large, and the technical requirements are strict.

Pipeline transportation is a new mode of transportation in which transportation vehicles and lines are combined into one. The goods are mainly crude oil, refined oil, natural gas, coal slurry and other mineral slurries. The gas does not evaporate, the liquid does not flow out, the loss is small, the continuity is strong, it is stable and safe, the management is convenient, and it can be used day and night, with a large transport capacity. Pipeline transportation requires the laying of special pipelines, which requires large investment in equipment and poor flexibility.

2. The formation and development trend of transportation network:

Transportation network formed by one transportation mode, transportation network formed by two or more transportation modes and comprehensive transportation in different regions net.

(See textbook P80 picture)

Development trend: Transportation is not only increasingly networked and internationalized (two Eurasian continental bridges, four major world navigation lines), but also increasingly high-speed, large-scale and specialized ( Container transportation saves packaging costs, facilitates mechanization of loading and unloading operations, and ensures safe cargo transportation).

3. Location factors of transportation lines and stations:

a. Location factors affecting railway construction: Economic and social factors have become decisive factors. Take the Beijing-Kowloon Railway as an example (1. Reasonable layout of transportation network, 2. Promote economic development along the line, 3. Maintain Hong Kong’s long-term stability and prosperity, 4. Advanced science and technology are guaranteed)

b. Location factors affecting highway construction: When constructing highways, 1. Make full use of favorable natural conditions and avoid areas with complex topography, geology, and hydrological conditions. 2. Occupy as little farmland as possible and properly handle the relationship with urban development.

e. Conditions for port construction: The location of the port is not only affected by water conditions (such as navigation conditions, berthing conditions), but also by land conditions (such as port construction conditions, hinterland conditions) . The main location factors of Shanghai Port are: First, Shanghai Port is an estuary port in the Yangtze River Delta and doubles as a seaport. The main port area is distributed along the Huangpu River. The delta terrain is flat and open, which provides conditions for port construction. On the one hand, the Yangtze River provides conditions for the port. On the other hand, it provides fresh water and ensures space for ships to sail. However, the delta has a small slope and sediment is easy to deposit and silt up the river. Secondly, the economic hinterland of Shanghai Port is the most economically developed region in China. Third, Shanghai Port relies on Shanghai City.