Why did the population of China skyrocket in the early Qing Dynasty?

Since the song dynasty, there have been hundreds of millions of people, which have been maintained until the early Qing dynasty. The key is the peaceful time of Kanggan period 100 years. The population will increase to 400 million, which can be doubled in about 25 years. It is easy to reach 400 million to 800 million. The history of population growth in Qing Dynasty can be seen in the world history, and this time is also the period of world population expansion, that is, the period of industrial revolution. It is the same as the agricultural revolution in history. China's population will also expand during the period of industrialization.

Investigation on the Development History of Modern Population in China

I. Population and population

First of all, we need to understand the relationship between the numbers before 1734 and those after. Yes, this one.

This issue is controversial in the field of history. According to the records of the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Qianlong visited the tenants sent by the Ministry one day.

According to oral data, it is lamented that there were only more than 10 million people in the Kangxi era, and now it has increased to 20 million. (See "Qing Dynasty"

It seems that Emperor Qianlong thought that the number of people in the Kangxi period was the population.

If we think that the number of people recorded before 1734 is also a population, then from 1734 to 2735462,

In 2000, it increased to174143411559, which increased by 4.2 times in 7 years, with an average annual proliferation rate of 267‰.

It's impossible. There was no influx of foreigners at that time. On the contrary, the population on the southeast coast is heading for the sea.

External diffusion. Some people think that the number of people before the twelfth year of Yongzheng was Ding Koufu's original number.

The result of concealment is that the population after 174 1 year is a policy change, and the people have relieved their worries.

Real numbers for future statistics. Unfortunately, this explanation cannot be consistent with the year when the policy was issued. The policy of spreading cases underground

The implementation of 17 16 began, and 1729 has been implemented in most parts of the country. If it is implemented step by step,

If the worries are gradually relieved, there will be a transition period of gradually expanding the population, instead of suddenly increasing by four.

Time magazine. So these two figures must be completely separated and treated separately.

The so-called "person" is a male worker who is included in the household registration book and has the obligation to pay tribute. The number of households is incomplete.

The population, not all adult males, should be converted into a number of mouths according to a certain proportion, more than

For example, it is called "population ratio", which means how many people are there in each household. So what we call mouth.

Dingbi and Hubi have different practical meanings. The family ratio reflects the real situation of the average population of a family, because

But it is relatively stable in a certain social state. The ratio of population to population only reflects the real population and government household registration.

The ratio of the number of people recorded, not the ratio of the real population to the real population of the society, so it is not like that.

What is stability must be specifically analyzed and calculated. But generally speaking, each household has a bite of diced rice, and the ratio of diced rice to diced rice is close to five.

Judging from the political, military and economic situation in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, 1646 (three years of Shunzhi) was the population song at that time.

The valley point of the line. From 166 1 year (18th year of Shunzhi) to 1685 (24th year of Kangxi), the average annual population increased.

The colonial rate is 3.98‰, but the social order was not completely stable before 166 1 year, and our calculation does not exceed 2.

‰, using this number 1, the population of 666,5438+0 years is in turn 1, 646 years when there is a population of 88.486 million.

Second, the population growth rate in different periods of the Qing Dynasty.

According to the calculation, the following table is obtained (the former is the number of years and the latter is the annual average proliferation rate):

1646~ 166 1,2‰

166 1~ 1685,2.98‰

1685~ 1724,5.82‰

1724~ 1749, 15.03‰

1749~ 1757, 10. 19‰

1757~ 1762, 12. 16‰

1767~ 1786, 10. 12‰

1786~ 179 1,8.67‰

179 1~ 18 12,7.97‰

18 12~ 1820,4.47‰

1820~ 1830,5. 18‰

1830~ 1840,4.44‰

1840~ 1850,4.08‰

1850~ 1852,3.83‰

1852~ 1870,- 1 1.52‰

1870~ 1880,2.57‰

1880~ 1890,3.65‰

1890~ 1898,5. 10‰

1898~ 19 1 1, 1.74‰

-

1646~ 19 1 1,5.76‰

166 1~ 19 1 1,5.99‰

As can be seen from the above table, the population diffusion rate of the Qing Dynasty was relatively slow at first, because the war at that time was not completely peaceful.

Interest rates, and then gradually rise, showing a concave curve. From11920s to 1980s, it grew fastest, from

1.200 million to 300 million. Later, it gradually slowed down and showed a concave curve, which was due to the increase of social contradictions.

Drama, various social and natural conditions are playing an increasingly important role in curbing the sustained population growth. agency

Social contradictions have become increasingly acute and the political system has become increasingly decadent. 185 1 Jintian village uprising broke out. Later Taiping army

With the help of imperialists like Zeng Guofan and Walter, the Qing army failed one after another.

Temporarily stabilized the chaos. This is reflected in the population curve, that is, the total population has decreased from 1852 to 1870, a decrease of 8,000 people.

Two million, from nearly 440 million to more than 350 million. This decline made the population of the Qing Dynasty

Divided into two subbands. The second sub-band gradually recovered at a rate lower than the average proliferation rate of the Qing dynasty, and by the end of the Qing dynasty.

Only then did it return to the level of Daoguang fourteen years (1834).

It can be seen that the population growth in Qing Dynasty was relatively fast, but the average annual proliferation rate was only 5.76.

In the history of China, the population growth has been higher than this rate many times. The magic is not the unit time.

Population proliferation rate, but why did this proliferation rate last so long, except for the six after 1852?

Eleven years ago, there were two centuries of such growth, resulting in such a large total.

Thirdly, the analysis of the reasons for the large population growth in Qing Dynasty.

When discussing the reasons for the large population growth in China in the Qing Dynasty, we must understand that after the eighteenth century, people

The rapid population growth is not unique to China. At that time, the whole world was like this. For example, in the UK, on 1 1 month.

There are about1500,000 in this century. According to the poll tax levied by 1377, the population of Britain is only 200.

Thousands. 1770, England and Wales totaled 5.5 million, but by 180 1, it had increased to 880.

Over 90,000 people. By 19 1 1, the population of these two places has increased to more than 36 million. Britain 180 1 year 1000.

○ 500,000 people, 190 1 year increased to 45.23 million people,19th century quadrupled this century.

Half, faster than our country. The same is true of France. In Charlemagne's time, there were 78 million people in this place.

To 1700, only12 million. 180 1 conducted a population survey, including Alsace and Lorraine.

More than 27.44 million people, increased to 36.9 million in 1876, and increased to 39 1 91.

One hundred thousand people. France is a famous country with stagnant population, and even increased by10 million, faster than other countries.

Yes It is estimated that 1750 is about10.27 billion in Europe and 1800 is about10.75 billion.

There were 327.74 million people in 1882, and it increased to 452 million people in 19 14, which was higher than the whole country.

The population is growing even faster. According to the estimation of the Soviet demographer Lal Unnis, there were two in the world at the beginning of AD.

300 million people, 305 million people in 1000, 440 million people in 1500, 1650.

550 million, 1800 increased to 952 million, 1850 increased to1247 million.

The number of people increased from 1900 to1656 million. It can be seen that the population of all countries in the world is in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Ji has taken off.

The leap of population in the modern world can be traced back to 1492 when Columbus discovered the new continent. American and Australian hair

Now it has played a supporting role in the reproduction of the world population in four aspects: first, most of these places are fertile and rich.

This place is a paradise for human reproduction. By 1900, there were only 20 million to 30 million Indians there.

Raised a population of10.5 billion. Second, it accommodated a large number of immigrants from the Old World, who only came from Europe in the 19th century.

40 million people moved out of China, and 20 million people spread from China and India to the South Pacific. old

The surplus population in the Mainland has room for further development. Third, it gave it to the old continent (mainly European capitalists)

Italy) continuously provides food, meat, drinks and other means of subsistence. So far, Canada, the United States,

Argentina and Australia are still the main commodity grain and meat dairy farms on our planet. It makes it look like

In places like Britain and Japan where arable land is scarce, the population can also grow rapidly. Fourth, it supports

In the old world, corn and cotton were the most important high-yield crops. It spread in the old world.

Over the years, it has caused a large population spread.

After corn came from America, it didn't spread in Chinese mainland immediately. Corn was in the middle of Ming Dynasty.

Later, it was introduced to China via the Western Regions. It was not until the Qing Dynasty that it gradually spread in the south. In Sichuan, this is unprecedented.

Great development, so won the title of "corn". Later, green yarn tents spread all over the northern plain and all over the country.

It is this high-yield food crop that breeds a large population.

Combined with corn, sweet potatoes, sorghum, soybeans and flowers play an important role in nurturing human beings.

Healthy. The original name of sweet potato is sweet potato, which has long been introduced. Qianlong fifty-one years, the Qing imperial edict promotion, south of the Yangtze River.

Almost all the hills and mountains have been planted and become the staple food of poor farmers. Potatoes are called "potatoes", which is also

It comes from America on the other side of the ocean. Osmunda japonica is suitable for lowland planting, and potato is suitable for alpine mountain planting. northeast

Sorghum and soybean have made great contributions to population reproduction, but the population growth in Shandong can't obliterate peanut production.

Use. Peanut was also introduced from abroad in 16 and 7 centuries. In the past, a considerable part of China was hilly and mountainous.

Millet can't be planted in mountainous areas, but it has always been in a wild state. Now corn, sweet potatoes and potatoes are going to the mountains together.

March into Daqing, hills and beaches. The earth is fully utilized to support human reproduction.

By the Qing Dynasty, the area of cultivated land had greatly increased. 166 1, the cultivated land area shrank after the war.

To more than 500 million mu, to 17 at the end of the Ming dynasty and returned to the highest level. Cultivated land area 1724 (modern)

Mu system) reached12953 million mu, and increased to1156 million mu by the end of the Qing Dynasty.

City mu.

According to the historical data of cultivated land population growth rate and large-scale output, in the twentieth century,

After statistics of grain yield, high-yield level in small area and multiple cropping index, etc.

Judging from the situation, the average grain output per unit area (converted into modern weights and measures) in the Qing Dynasty has changed from mu in the Ming Dynasty.

The output increased from 60 kg to 70 kg 180 kg.

The multiple cropping index in Qing Dynasty has reached more than 1 10%.

Due to the planting and popularization of high-yield crops, the cultivated land area has expanded, the yield per unit area has increased, and the multiple cropping index has increased.

High, so the total grain output of China in Qing Dynasty reached a very high level, which could feed more than 400 million people.

Mouth, this is the material basis for the unprecedented increase in the population of the Qing Dynasty.

In addition to the introduction and popularization of high-yield grain crops, there are of course other improvements in production technology.

With the improvement of management, the relative stability of social order and the change of tax policy.

It plays a role in making the population in these places reproduce particularly fast.

What needs to be pointed out in particular is that the tax system of the Qing Dynasty continued to control production on the basis of the "one whip" law of the Ming Dynasty.

Information, abolish the direction of human development. In the fiftieth year of Kangxi, it was promulgated that "fifty-two years after Kangxi, educating people".

"Imperial edict never add fu. In the Yongzheng era, the practice of "paving the ground" was further implemented. The complete pendulum of population explosion

Freed from the shackles of taxation and bureaucracy, the population developed like a runaway wild horse.

Fourth, the population situation in the Republic of China.

The population of the Republic of China can be divided into three sub-zones. First, the population dropped from 1927 to 1928 due to the Northern Expedition; second,

It was from 1936 to 1938 that the population of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression declined in the early stage, forming two sub-valleys and three sub-zones.

The so-called "Republic of China era" is actually a transitional turbulent era of two unified eras, with internal troubles and foreign invasion.

Foreign invasion, frequent division, endless war, no peace in the country. But surprisingly, the total population except the Northern Expedition.

During the war and the early days of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, there was a brief decline, but it actually kept rising. Thirty-eight years later, it actually

Increase 1 100 million population. What the hell is going on here?

Ancient wars were all slashing with one knife and one shot. Now a bomb can kill many people. It seems that this is more than that.

Cruel. But in fact, there are 400,000 Zhao soldiers in the pit and 200,000 Qin soldiers in Xiang Yu pit. After a battle,

Thousands of bodies are not uncommon. Although modern means of killing are becoming more and more sophisticated, the corresponding defense skills are also improving.

Well, what a coincidence. In the warlord war of the Republic of China, the two sides touched each other for several rounds. The following will be

As soon as the scholar saw that the situation was wrong, he ran away. The leader announced that he was "out" and the matter was over. So after the Revolution of 1911, there were only four.

Before the reunification of Sichuan and Liuchuan, there were more than 400 scuffles among warlords, including dozens of large-scale ones.

Time. However, the population continues to grow. The war when we first judged the regime change.

It is not feasible to make the population decline in modern times. The population decline in the late Qing Dynasty was in the late19th century.

The population is still rising at the turn of 19 1 1 912. The era of warlord melee continued to rise. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression for the next eight years.

And the three-year war of liberation left little trace in the population history of China. This seems to be an area without war.

The number of population growth has completely filled the number of population losses in the war zone. We should also see that ancient wars caused population.

The loss is mainly not on the battlefield, but on the battlefield. It destroys the process of agricultural reproduction and makes people become

Tens of thousands of people starve to death, and the destruction of population by modern wars is mostly confined to the battlefield. Although the factory is related.

Door, farmland is barren, but production has not stopped completely, so in a big country like ours, now

Several major wars failed to reduce the population of the whole country.

Of course, this does not mean that China can withstand any cruel war in the future, let alone modern war.

No country will reduce its population. The two world wars launched by Germany have greatly increased the population of many countries.

Reduce. It's too hard, even big countries can't stand it. Even the Northern Expedition did not fight against it.

Harm, also led to the decline of the population.

In addition, during the Republic of China, the whole feudal society became a semi-feudal society, and the feudal ties were weakened. famous book

There are fewer and fewer camp owners, and local owners rent out all the land, further developing the small-scale peasant economy.

The above factors such as the reclamation of cultivated land and the increase of grain output are still playing a role, so the population is still rising.

Wang.

Five, the emergence of industrial population distribution factors

/kloc-Before the middle of the 9th century, China was a typical agricultural society, and the geographical distribution of its population was basically reflected.

The geographical distribution of agriculture is analyzed. In the middle of the vast agricultural area, countless market towns and small towns are dotted around.

City. Towns are inhabited by craftsmen, workshop owners and craftsmen, as well as practitioners in commerce and service industries.

Members, as well as officials of state organs. All over the country, in several transportation hubs and products.

There are also a number of large and medium-sized cities in the distribution center. However, such large and medium-sized cities are highly political and

Parasitic, usually Kyoto and the seat of the government, prefectures and counties, a large number of consumers reproduce like diseased tumors.

In the industrial and commercial city. Therefore, its economic and social function is not too great, so once political turmoil occurs,

It also saves changes and even disappears. The concentrated urban population also disappeared until another one stabilized.

After the establishment of the established regime, it gradually concentrated. Therefore, the urban population has been gathering and dispersing for thousands of years.

Break up and get together. It can be seen that there is no absolute population concentration trend in the ancient city. Generally speaking, the population is increasing.

In the era of Pingping, the urban population gradually increased; When social unrest makes the total population decline, the urban population

Reduced by loss and dispersion.

However, in 100 years after the middle of the 9th century, new modern industrial and commercial cities gradually developed and formed.

Yes It is a gathering place of modern large-scale industries, a commercial and financial center and a science and technology teaching center.

As a gathering place of educational and cultural undertakings, it has strong social, economic and cultural functions and dependence on political forces.

Sex is much weaker than before. No matter how turbulent the political situation is, it always stands, and its population has soared.

In fact, with the development of industry, the proportion of urban population is increasing. It is precisely because of this new factor of population distribution.

Appeared, so there are always some "anomalies" in the geographical distribution of the population after the twentieth century. For example, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hebei and Shandong.

People in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River where big cities such as Henan, Wuhan and Chongqing are located and in South China where Guangzhou is located.

The population growth has this relatively stable rising factor.

The increase and decrease of population after the liberation of intransitive verbs

After liberation, with the stability of social and political order and the recovery and development of national economy, the total population of our country

Constantly increasing. Specifically, it can be divided into the following periods:

The first period is 1950 to 1959, and the growth rate in the first seven years can be divided into 1955 and 1956 population.

Generally speaking, the population growth rate is increasing year by year, from 19‰ to nearly 30‰. 1958.

After proliferation, the ratio decreased.

1960 and 196 1 these two years are the second period, and the population has not risen again. Due to the interference of the left, our country

The people's economic losses are serious, and the population is bound to be affected.

It will recover soon after 1962. We have entered the third period. 1962 population exceeded at the end of the year.

Total population 1959. From 1962 to 197 1, the average annual growth rate reached 26. 1‰, especially in 1963, 1965 and.

The population grew fastest, from 1968 to 197 1.

In the early 1970s, family planning was strengthened. At that time, the main measures were to publicize and advocate late marriage, and

Local grassroots organizations adopt various "indigenous policies" to limit the age of marriage. Later, it was used to limit each couple to two children.

People's policy, so the birth rate gradually dropped from more than 30‰ to less than 20‰. Especially the decline of the birth rate in cities.

The fastest is 2 1.92‰ of 1970, 20. 10‰ of 1972, 1973/8.09 ‰,1973.

At 1975 is 15.2 1‰, at 1976 is 13.64‰, at 1977 is 13.93‰, at. 1979

To 14‰, and 1980 to 10‰. With the decline of birth rate, the growth rate has also dropped from 27‰.

Below 14‰.

1980, China promulgated a new marriage law, which relaxed the control of marriage time and replaced it.

Further limiting the number of children, so the "backlog" of late marriage due to age restrictions in previous years came down.

Married women have married and given birth, and de facto marriage has also gone through legal procedures, plus the birth of 1956 to 1958.

The population born at the peak has entered the childbearing age, so the birth rates of 198 1 year and 1982 have risen to 2 1‰.

That's right.

Since September 1980, all localities have earnestly implemented the policy of one child for a couple. But because of the future

Rural areas generally implement the contract responsibility system of joint production, and most production teams implement household contract management orders.

Collective welfare undertakings have been weakened. So on the one hand, a considerable number of farmers are eager for male labor.

In production, the ideological role of "son preference" and "raising children to prevent old age" has been strengthened, and family planning work has been increased.

Resist. On the other hand, grass-roots organizations can no longer control by controlling product distribution as in the past.

The baby boom, plus women of childbearing age, is not over yet. So although the family planning department has done a lot of work

Therefore, the growth rate of 1982 still increased slightly. 1983 and 1984, more girls were born in disaster years.

The population of childbearing age and family planning work are very tight, and the growth rate has dropped to 9.49‰. 1984

Under special circumstances, the policy of allowing one more child was fully implemented, and the growth rate rose to above 10‰.

Seven, the reasons for the substantial increase in population after liberation.

When discussing the causes of population growth, we should pay special attention to the following points:

(1) After liberation, the production of workers and peasants also developed rapidly, and the grain output continued to rise. Land reform and cooperative promotion

Driven the climax of agricultural production. In 1960s, considerable achievements were made in farmland capital construction, and short stalks were popularized in recent years.

Plants, increasing the application of chemical fertilizers, expanding irrigation area and machine farming have made remarkable achievements, so in

With the increasing population, the per capita grain output has increased and remained at a certain high level.

Above degrees. It can be seen that the development of grain production can generally maintain population growth. But if the population is not controlled,

If we continue to have limited growth, difficulties will inevitably arise later.

(2) The mortality rate dropped rapidly after liberation. Since the Republic of China, there have been some birth and death rates in China.

Mortality survey figures. From these figures, it can be seen that the population mortality rate did not decrease significantly during the Republic of China.

The reduction of population mortality in China was mainly after liberation. Since the death rate has dropped to a very low level,

As a result, the birth rate of about 20‰ has caused a large increase in population.

(3) The lack of sufficient knowledge and experience in family planning since the founding of the People's Republic of China lasted for twenty years.

There have been some mistakes in the population policy 2. Later, although the slogan of family planning was also put forward, it was not.

There are no practical measures. On the contrary, the distribution of grain according to population in rural areas ensures the rapid reproduction of rural population. until

After the 1970s, the population has increased to more than 800 million, which was severely restricted. But the policy of distributing food according to population was abolished.

The policy has always revolved around the Third Plenary Session. So that we now have to swallow two bitter fruits: one is the total person.

Overdevelopment of mouth; The second is the formation of two birth peaks: 1953 to 1958 and 1963 to 197 1.

Because the previous bitter fruit has produced a huge population base, so that a small diffusion rate means hundreds.

Thousands of population growth; Because of the latter bitter fruit, our children's birth cycle is born in these two peak periods.

When it comes, the great efforts of family planning work can only play a role in reducing the rebound of diffusion rate.

Eight, the inevitability of population expansion

No one in Chinese mainland will think that population growth is a proposition that needs to be proved.

Because the population of modern China is increasing every hour. But if he knows anything about the west,

His views will change if he knows something about the population history of Tibet or the population of France and Germany.

All the existing biological species in the world are winners in the competition for survival for billions of years, except them.

In addition to their unique advantages, there is also a common advantage: they all have great fertility. So are humans.

There are no exceptions.

Fertility includes fertility and viability. Fertility is a hypothetical concept, that is, hypothesis.

The physiological energy that human beings can reproduce without any natural and social conditions.

Force. The possible reproduction speed of human beings under "ideal" conditions greatly exceeds the actual population proliferation speed. this

In other words, the actual speed of human reproduction is basically not the result of the limitation of human reproductive physiological ability, but

All kinds of external natural social conditions and human subjective conditions are the result of inhibition.

Therefore, Malthus announced: "If it is not curbed, the population will double every 25 years." should do

It should be said that his estimation of fertility is conservative. Do not believe you can calculate, as long as the average annual increase.

The reproductive rate reaches 28. 12‰, which can be doubled after 25 years. In the population history of our country, in 960.

In such a vast geographical area as100000 square kilometers, it is also true that the population proliferation rate approaches or exceeds this figure.

Less. For example, it reached 26.8‰ in the early Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 57-75) and 25‰ in the early Sui Dynasty (AD 585-590).

The Northern Song Dynasty (1006 ~ 1008) reached 28.46‰, and 106 1.74 ‰ changed from 1065 to 31.74 ‰ (/kloc

1290) reached 28.5 1‰, and in the early Qing dynasty (1709 ~ 17 12) reached 3 1.5 1‰,/kloc.

There are many examples of the population growth rate in the whole province exceeding 28. 12‰. Population natural fertility rate

If you count the ability of human health care to prolong life, it can be said that it is getting bigger and bigger. Because of the population

There are examples of rapid development in history, and such examples have been realized under various constraints.

Yes, then it should be admitted that the physiological ability of human beings is much greater than the fertility that has been achieved. as soon as...

In other words, according to the "unchecked" reproductive capacity, human beings have more than doubled every 25 years.

Some demographers like to observe and suppress when studying the natural and social conditions of human reproduction.

Those conditions of the system, without paying attention to promoting those conditions. Father Malthus saw, "naturally.

It seems to sow the seeds of life especially generously, but it provides them with the necessary space and nutrition.

Face is so stingy that all living things, including human beings, are frozen in the restrictions of space and food.

Under the "natural law". The labor productivity of human beings will double the consumption output in 25 years.

This is very difficult. It is impossible to quadruple the total output in the next 25 years, so he did it again.

The second "declaration of assertion": "It is estimated that the current average state of land is the most conducive to human labor.

Pieces, probably can't make the means of subsistence increase faster than the arithmetic ratio. " But before and after his death

The history of world grain production is against him. For example, from 1949 to 1976, the annual average growth of world wheat production.

34.52‰, rice yield increased by 44.92‰, both of which are developing at the rate of doubling in 25 years.

Look at that. The per capita grain output in the world has not decreased. It seems that the priest's second announcement

It is also conservative.

Of course, no one will deny that the productivity of human labor is always limited in different periods, which is harmful to human beings themselves.

Fertility rate always constitutes a realistic limit. Laughing at predecessors is certainly not the attitude that future generations should have. But from

From a long-term historical point of view, human labor productivity has always developed forward, so it has been given more and more.

The population provides living conditions. Nature is more frugal than stingy. not that much

When the actual population is looking for a way to survive, it will never fully display more ingenious production know-how.

People who eat all day. Similarly, the perfection of social organization system and the development of spiritual civilization are also accompanied by the reality of mankind.

Summarize the practical experience and lessons, and realize it slowly.

Therefore, we can't just see the influence of natural conditions, social conditions and people's subjective conditions on population growth.

Inhibition, and we must first see its promotion. Why are the fluctuations getting more and more intense? This song first

It reflects the continuous enhancement of human vitality and the continuous acceleration and persistence of human progress.

The improvement of natural conditions, social conditions and subjective conditions has increasingly promoted the development of mankind. that is

The population suffered heavy losses in a period of time and quickly recovered and surpassed. So the general trend of population development on earth

The trend is-growth.

Nine. abstract

The population should fluctuate with the reproduction scale and results of industry, agriculture and animal husbandry, and with the economic type.

Change and change are subject to periodic class struggles, the struggle of the upper class for the highest political power, and the national

The influence of war between countries has declined. It will develop with the development of human civilization, and it will endure changes.

Direct and indirect effects of dynamic natural conditions. In a word, the increase or decrease of population depends on the nature of society.

The comprehensive influence of various factors, and the growth and decline of these factors affecting population increase and decrease is uncertain.

Only when the global human beings reach the ideal society that can completely realize planned control in the future will the law of population fluctuation be realized.

Can disappear.

The data comes from China Population History edited by Zhao Wenlin and Xie Shujun, People's Publishing House, June 1988.

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