Why is it called "Biosphere II"? What is the purpose of the experiment? How is the experiment conducted?

Biosphere 2 is a lesson from four stupid events listed by the media.

Although human civilization has only a history of 5000 years, it has completely covered the huge earth.

God, traces of industrial and agricultural cooperation can be found in every corner of the earth. I should say,

Most of these intellectual achievements have improved social welfare and made mankind stronger as a species than ever before.

Happiness, however, some "achievements" actually belong to the behavior of being smart about the natural environment.

"Youth Reference" published an article by Su Yang of the State Council Development Research Center in China: People move bricks and hit feet.

Something. The article holds that since entering the industrial society, human beings have been intelligently transforming themselves.

But in the end, it caused a large-scale natural disaster in a short time. The article lists the following four "moving"

Bricks hit your feet. "

The article points out that human beings should keep awe of nature, and people who are less than 3 million years old want to be 4.5 billion years old.

It is too early for the earth to become the master of its own affairs. Humans should avoid all kinds of self-awareness of the natural environment.

Be smart, otherwise, people may not have the next 5,000-year civilization.

Agricultural cleverness: black and white double storm

Since the beginning of agricultural civilization, human beings have vigorously cultivated land to increase food production. But looking back at history,

A phenomenon is obvious: the more developed a civilization is, the more thoroughly it declines. From the two river basins in Iraq to

In the Yellow River basin, under the large-scale uncontrolled development of human beings, the ecological environment has been devastated.

Civilization was forced into exile. Since entering the industrial society, due to the high means of human beings to transform nature,

Ming ",finally triggered a large-scale natural disaster in a short time.

The biggest impact of this disaster is the "black and white double storm" that occurred in the United States and the Soviet Union.

/kloc-in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, the United States encouraged immigrants to open up wasteland in the semi-arid western prairie, believing that this was not only to develop the west.

A wise move to solve the rice bowl again. 1860- 1890 reclaimed 900,000 square kilometers of virgin land. what

Overgrazing has led to large-scale desertification. In 1930s, sandstorm gradually became a climate and broke out in 1932.

14 times, 1933 as many as 38 times, 1934 spring finally developed into a disastrous sandstorm and swept away.

The great plains in the central and western regions reduced the national wheat production 1/3. 1935, the black storm that shocked the world is coming.

The westerly wind, which is wrapped in a large amount of black soil on the surface of newly cultivated land, has grown to 2400 kilometers from east to west and wide from north to south.

1440 km The "Black Dragon" with a height of about 3 km swept two-thirds of the United States in three days, dropping 300 million tons.

Abundant topsoil was sent to the Atlantic Ocean. Where the black storm passed, farmland wells and roads were destroyed, and streams and rivers were destroyed.

After drying up, 6.5438+0.6 million farmers fled the western region. When American agriculture suffered heavy losses, the grain output was reduced by half.

Let's go After that, the United States had to formulate a special "agricultural revival plan", implement no-tillage method and establish a country.

One of the world's four major afforestation projects-the People's Resource Guard of Roosevelt Ecological Project, along

A shelterbelt with a width of 100 miles across the United States was planted at the west longitude 100 degree line, and this area was restored.

The natural environment in this area prevented the black storm from continuing to wreak havoc.

However, the former Soviet Union did not accept the lessons of the United States and began to "let the wasteland serve" from 1954.

Socialism ",in the semi-arid grasslands of Kazakhstan, Urals and other places, about 60% was reclaimed in 10.

The land of 10 thousand square kilometers once increased the annual grain output of the former Soviet Union by two-thirds. But vegetation and topsoil are bound together

The destruction of the structure led to two large-scale black storms in March and April of 1960, and only Kazakhstan was newly reclaimed.

The farmland in this area has been destroyed by 200,000 square kilometers, and the farming system in the new reclamation area is almost paralyzed, even in neighboring Romani.

Asia, Hungary and Yugoslavia are also foggy. Wider, longer and longer than a black storm.

In "Water under the Bridge", it was a white storm that happened at the same time, and it has continued to this day. The former Soviet Union in Kara, Turkmenistan

The Karakum Canal, built in the Qom desert, can be used as the main water source of the Aral Sea and the third largest lake in Asia every year.

-The Amu Darya River diverted water to irrigate more than 654.38 million square kilometers of farmland and grassland. This "creative re-creation"

However, it has brought a series of ecological and environmental problems: the closure of the Amu Darya River makes the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River salty.

The sea level dropped sharply, the coastline of the lake retreated for 30 years 10 to 20 kilometers, and the salinity at the bottom of the Aral Sea was exposed.

The desertification in the surrounding areas is serious, and "white storms" (storms containing salt dust) follow one after another, which not only makes the Aral Sea attached.

The recent environmental desertification and white storms have permanently destroyed 60% of the new reclamation areas, making them crucial.

The forbidden zone has led to an irreversible ecological disaster.

The "black-and-white double storm" incident similar to the environmental revenge on human beings shows that it is natural to bring disaster as a substitute.

Only when people talk about people will they believe in the majesty of nature.

Smart aleck of large-scale projects: adding obstacles to people.

The progress of human civilization is more reflected in large-scale projects, so it is ingenious in engineering.

The louder it is. It's like someone lifting a stone for construction. If the stone is not properly placed, it will fall on their own feet.

The Aswan Dam in Egypt, the most controversial dam project in modern times, is an example.

Aswan Dam, a high dam across the Nile, was completed in 1970, costing about1500 million US dollars. water

The dam volume is equivalent to 17 times of the largest Great Pyramid of Khufu, and it is one of the seven largest dams in the world. according to

It turns out that the reservoir formed after the high dam cut off the river course can be used for flood control, irrigation, power generation, shipping and fish farming.

A comprehensive utilization project. However, in the past 30 years, the role and influence of Aswan Dam have caused

A heated debate among experts from various countries. On the one hand, it is used for flood storage, irrigation, power generation, shipping and maintenance.

Breeding and other aspects have produced great benefits; But on the other hand, Aswan Dam is in the aspect of ecological environment.

Have a far-reaching impact. Historically, the silt brought by the annual flooding of the Nile provided coastal land.

Abundant natural fertilizers. After the completion of the Aswan Dam, these fertile silt were stopped in the reservoir and built.

Chenghekou fishing ground is degraded, and the fishing catch is greatly reduced.

In the past 30 years, the positive benefits of dams have been decreasing, and the unfavorable factors that may be overcome in decision-making at that time are also under consideration.

The ending is gradually becoming a disaster. One of the main reasons for this situation is that some people are eager for quick success and want to borrow huge sums of money.

The project itself is a monument; Some people follow the trend, knowing that they violate the laws of science, and dare not speak out.

The cleverness of the layman attracted the revenge of the natural environment, and the unbreakable dam became the eternal heart of the Egyptians.

Far from "blocking". China is currently implementing the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, the West-to-East Gas Transmission Project, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and the Three Gorges Project.

Cheng and other construction projects have a significant impact on the regional ecological environment, so no matter in planning or construction

You should always be cautious.

Intelligent thinking in ecological construction: the collapsed "Green Great Wall"

Even the ecological construction project of ecological restoration, if it does not follow the laws of nature, will

Good intentions are not rewarded. This is particularly evident in the four major afforestation projects in the world.

The grassland in the European part of the former Soviet Union suffered frequent natural disasters due to excessive reclamation and deforestation.

At that time, Stalin put forward a "Stalin's plan to transform nature" bigger than the United States, and advocated planting grass.

Planting trees in the original area, while continuing to develop irrigated agriculture. 1949 ——1953, the project will build a shelter forest nearby.

30,000 square kilometers, but by the end of 1960s, only 2% of the protected forest area had been preserved.

The "Green Dam Project" in Algeria is also a world-class afforestation project. In order to prevent the Sahara desert from not

After the northern invasion, Algeria in North Africa planted pine trees on a large scale along the northern edge of the Sahara desert from 1975. The project extends to neighboring Morocco and Tunisia, with a length of 1500 km. Theoretically, the project can expand the forestland area of Algeria 10% every year. However, due to the unclear understanding of local water resources and environmental carrying capacity, the intensive ecological construction with exotic species has caused ecological disasters, and the desert is still expanding northward. At present, the country loses more forest land than afforestation area every year.

China has also learned a profound lesson in this respect. The "Three-North Shelterbelt" was once called the "Great Green Wall" of China.

"。 Over the past 20 years, China has spent tens of billions of dollars to "build a city", although the local effect is not good.

Small, but the capital Beijing still "welcomes" sandstorms every year. In addition, thousands of miles of shelterbelts are now

In the collapsed "Great Green Wall". This is because the original afforestation did not talk about science, so that the north

They are all "Yang Jiajiang"-poplars are planted everywhere, and not only do poplars in many places grow into half-dead "small"

"The old man, and because of the large-scale planting of pure forest, in the event of pests, large areas, only small longicorn beetles.

Destroy the achievements of Ningxia's 20-year construction-billions of poplars.

The four major afforestation projects in the world are all carried out in degraded grassland areas. Why did you only realize the Roosevelt project?

Success? The fundamental reason is precisely because the road to sand control in the United States is not just planting trees. Carry out the Roosevelt plan

At the same time, the United States set up a soil protection bureau to encourage States to take soil protection measures and no-tillage farmland.

Measures such as fallow and grain-grass rotation have been widely promoted. Meanwhile, millions of hectares of land are prone to drought.

Returning farmland to grassland. Another important factor that is easily overlooked is the raging black storm.

In recent years, hundreds of thousands of residents on newly reclaimed land moved their families to the west coast and gained tens of millions of hectares of farmland.

Nature gives the opportunity to return farmland to grassland. In the three northern regions of the Soviet Union, North Africa and China, people put the United States

Experience is unilaterally understood as the construction of farmland shelterbelt network. Accompanying the afforestation project is not returning farmland to grassland, but

The further expansion of cultivated land area and the exploitation of ecological water by production water will lead to the deterioration of ecological environment.

Local improvement, overall deterioration.

The "Biosphere II" experiment was a complete failure.

The failure of world-class afforestation projects shows that active ecological construction is often difficult, which is due to nature.

Because of the complexity, there is a lesson that can be used to verify, that is, the Biosphere II experiment. 199 1 year, beautiful.

Scientists in China spent a lot of money to carry out the unprecedented "Biosphere II" experiment. "Biosphere II.

No.8 is a huge closed ecosystem, located in Arizona, USA, about two football fields in size.

Size. From the outside, it looks like a space station built on the moon in a science fiction movie. By design, this is closed.

The ecosystem simulates the natural ecosystem as much as possible, including soil, water, air, animals and plants, and even

Forests, lakes, rivers and oceans. 199 1, eight people were sent to Biosphere 2. People expect him to

Children can eat their own food, breathe oxygen released by plants and drink raw food after two years of isolation.

The survival of water depends on the natural purification of the national system. However, after 18 months, the "Biosphere II" system was seriously out of balance.

Balance: The oxygen concentration drops from 2 1% to 14%, which is not enough to maintain the life of researchers. Inject oxygen to remedy it.

To no avail; The original 25 species of small animals, 19 species are extinct; All the insects that spread pollen for plants died.

Dead, plants can't reproduce. Through research, it is found that bacteria decompose a lot of organic matter in soil.

In this process, a lot of oxygen is consumed; Carbon dioxide released by bacteria is "chemically treated"

Absorbed by the concrete wall of Biosphere 2, it breaks the cycle again. The fiasco of Biosphere II

"The plan proves that there is a road in heaven. In the face of nature, only ignorant people often think they are smart.

2 millionths and 2 millionths 1 tourist of Biosphere 2.

1 99665438+1October1,Columbia University took over "Biosphere 2". In September, several scientists

Committee made a summary of the experiment, they think that under the existing technical conditions, human beings also

It is impossible to simulate an ecological environment similar to the earth for human survival. Meanwhile, Glenn

The University of Biya has strengthened its research on experiments. The content of the experiment has been expanded, starting from 2000.

Using digital camera technology, the growth of leaves is recorded in minutes to obtain a composite image.

Like to identify plants and growth processes. The experiment also increased the content of students' experiments. This experiment still needs to be carried out

10 years, so as to have enough time to observe the growth law of wild animals and plants in Biosphere 2.

At present, "Biosphere 2" has become a landscape in the Arizona desert and comes every year.

The number of tourists here exceeds 6.5438+0.8 million. Visitors can pay $65,438+03 to go outside Biosphere 2.

Take a walk on various facilities. If you add 10, you can enter Biosphere 2.

Ten years' wind and rain of Biosphere 2

The famous "Biosphere 2" experiment in the United States is used to test whether humans can survive on Mars.

. From the beginning of the experiment to the present, it has lasted 10 years, and there have been many failures in the middle. this

Reflected from the side, the earth is still the only known planet suitable for human habitation, the protection ring.

How important the environment is.

If we reflect on the process of this experiment, we will find the following problems:

It's not easy to live in a round house ... 10 years ago, in the Sonoran Desert in Arizona, USA.

A dome-shaped transparent building was built in the museum, and four pairs of male and female researchers came to prepare.

Two years. Here, they can only get sunshine from the outside world, and everything else is.

By our own efforts-this is consistent with the environment on Mars.

In the four years before they entered the dome, the relevant personnel were always arranged in the dome.

rain

Forests, deserts, grasslands, oceans and farmland, another miniature world has been created. Goren

Many scientists from Biya University are providing technical support for experimental projects in this field.

The researchers were very excited when they first entered the dome. They call themselves "biological drivers".

. But soon they found that things were not good. From September 199 1 day, The Dome

The ecological environment began to deteriorate, and the oxygen content dropped so fast that the health of researchers

Kang was severely challenged, and they had to ask to open the "roof" in order to get it from the "earth"

Get an oxygen supply.

The two-year experiment has experienced a series of technical failures, one of which is the "biological driving factor"

After a fierce quarrel, it finally failed. Many people blame the failure on "biological drive"

Pilot "and the founder of this experiment, billionaire Eadweard Bass, lack basic scientific and technological knowledge.

Importance of species balance .............................................................................................................................................................................

But after a period of time, the number of ants increased wildly and became a hazard. Bees are all

After death, "bio-drivers" had to pollinate plants and flowers artificially. This makes people realize that

How important biodiversity and species balance are to the earth.

Do it again. ..............................................................................................................................................................................

The prestige of scientific research institutions engaged in this experiment has been greatly affected. 1March 1994, 7 babies were born.

The pilot "re-entered the dome for the second experiment, and this effort was 1 year and a half later."

It ended in failure again. Is the dome still useful? The public once again expressed doubts.

Is it necessary to engage in "tertiary production" when developing experiments? ...... 1996, the experimental project was changed to a new one.

Head-Charles Barry Osmond, at the same time, Columbia University strengthened.

Research intensity of the experiment. The content of the experiment has been expanded. Since 2000, several experiments have been carried out.

Coding camera technology records the growth of leaves in minutes to obtain a composite image.

So as to determine the plant and the growth process. The experiment also increased the content of students' experiments. The experiment still needs

10 year (Bass had asked for 100 year) so as to have enough time to observe the dome.

The growth law of wild animals and plants.

At present, the dome has become a landscape in the Arizona desert and comes here every year.

The number of tourists exceeds 6.5438+0.8 million. Visitors can pay 13 dollars to go to various places outside the dome.

Take a walk on this facility. If you add $ 10, you can enter the dome.

American Biosphere 2 and Its Research

Guo/Sun Jinbiao

Figure 2 1〓 appearance of Biosphere 2

Table 1 〓 [WB] Internal Component and Structural Parameter Table

Area, volume, soil moisture? Atmosphere?

Intensive agricultural area 2000 38000 2720 60 35220

Residential area100011000 2110997.

Rainforest 2000 35000 6000 100 28900

Savanna/sea/swamp

2500? 49000 4000? 3400 4 1600

Desert1400 22000 4000 40017600

"West Lung"1800150000015000

Nanfei180015750 0 75015000

Note: The volume of the above two "lungs" is only 50% when they are fully expanded.

Biosphere 2, built in the desert north of Tucson, Arizona, USA, is a miniature artificial ecological cycle.

The ring system is named because it calls the earth itself the biosphere 1. It was written by a former American football player.

John Allen initiated, jointly funded with several consortia, and entrusted the space biosphere venture capital company to undertake the construction.

8 years, cost 1? 500 million dollars.

On September 26th 199 1, 4 men and 4 women ***8 researchers entered Biosphere 2 for the first time, and left on June 26th 1993.

After * * * 2 1 month, they have accumulated rich scientific data and practical experience in their respective research fields.

. Four men, three women and seven experimenters from Britain, Mexico, Nepal, Yugoslavia and the United States.

After the evaluation and technical improvement of the first batch of results, the engineer was stationed for the second time on March 6, 1994, 10.

I went out after 1995, 1 month. During this period, they recycle the atmosphere, water and waste to produce food.

Extensive and systematic scientific research has been carried out. Biosphere 2 is the largest closed artificial ecosystem in the world.

. It enables human beings to study ecology on a whole level for the first time, thus opening up the understanding of current life on earth.

A new method to cycle the global ecological change process. More importantly, it will be the first permanent creature.

The ground simulation device of regenerative life support system can be applied to human settlement outside the earth in the future.

Manned space exploration.

I. Overview

Floor space 1? The above-ground part of Biosphere 2 covers an area of 28 hectares, and it is a three-dimensional steel frame structure coated with powder, equipped with double

Sandwich glazing panel; The grounding part is welded stainless steel plate and sealed with steel gasket. The total volume is about 180000m.