History of agricultural land valuation

(a) Investigate and evaluate the wasteland suitable for agriculture in the early 1950s.

At the beginning of the founding of New China, some hostile countries imposed an economic blockade on our country, and threatened that without their provision of food, China itself would not be able to solve the problem of feeding a large number of people, and this alone would destroy the newly established regime. In order to solve the food problem, the state attached great importance to reclaiming wasteland and expanding cultivated land from the beginning. Heilongjiang province is a big province with wasteland resources. As early as the second year after the founding of New China (1950), the state organized a soil investigation team in Northeast China, inspected some areas of Heilongjiang Province, and put forward suggestions on rational land development and utilization. Later, in February 1955, a special land survey agency-Heilongjiang Land Survey Bureau was established. On June 1955, two investigation teams were jointly organized with scientific research departments and universities to investigate Mishan, Hulin, Luobei and Suibin areas. At that time, a soil survey was conducted and a soil map was drawn, and the agricultural wasteland was evaluated according to different soil types. It is difficult to dig soil profile and take soil samples for soil investigation, and the progress is slow. However, in a hurry to find out the wasteland resources in the whole province as soon as possible, Director Wang Shiying of Heilongjiang Land Survey Bureau asked the Soviet experts who were planning the land in Friendship Farm at that time, and asked what methods could be used to find out the situation of the wasteland in the whole province in a short time. After studying, the expert group headed by Masrov put forward a method of directly measuring and dividing four types of wasteland in the field without evaluating the wasteland resources through soil investigation. These four types of wasteland can be reclaimed without taking any measures, with some measures and big measures, which are not suitable for reclamation for the time being. Specific and operable criteria have been formulated for each type of wasteland, and survey teams have been set up in each area, including survey teams, comprehensive survey teams and planning teams composed of professional and technical personnel such as survey, soil, plants, water conservancy and agriculture. The total population reached more than 2,000 people, and it took more than two years to complete the investigation and evaluation of the wasteland suitable for agriculture in the province, which laid the foundation for the later reclamation and immigration of state-owned farms.

(2) Evaluation of agricultural land in the first soil survey.

1959 The first soil survey assessed 768,400 hectares of cultivated land in the whole province. This is a large-scale evaluation of cultivated land quality. At that time, the secretary was asked to take the lead, mobilize farmers to compare the soil from bottom to top, hold a forum for old farmers step by step, evaluate each cultivated land, classify the best, average, poor and worst cultivated land soil, explain why it is good and why it is poor, and summarize farmers' experience in understanding, utilizing and improving the soil. Summarize the factors of farmers' participation, including crop yield, soil temperature (cold, warm, hot, hot summer, etc. ), soil quality (clay, sand, lying cow stone, etc.). ), soil fertility (former strength and stamina), crop growth state (emergence and getting up in the morning and evening), etc. ), and soil structure (vertical, horizontal, inclined and rocky, etc. The evaluation results show that the black oil sands are the best land, and there is a saying that "the black oil sands are king, and food can be harvested without manure"; Followed by black oil soil and yellow oil sand, the general land is black soil and black loess, and the poor land is black soil, loess, albic soil, loess, saline-alkali land and so on. Finally, two books, Soil Records of Heilongjiang Province and Experience of Soil Improvement in Heilongjiang Province, were edited and published.

(3) Investigation of agricultural resources and evaluation of agricultural land in agricultural regionalization.

From 65438 to 0980, agricultural regionalization offices were established in all cities and counties in Heilongjiang Province, and under the leadership of the provincial agricultural regionalization office, agricultural resources investigation and agricultural regionalization were carried out in an all-round way. In this work, there is a content about the types and evaluation of cultivated land, which is divided into five grades. The main factors involved in the evaluation are topography, slope, thickness of black soil layer, irrigation conditions, management convenience, unlimited factors, suitable crops and yield. All cities and counties have published the monograph Investigation and Agricultural Zoning, and the Provincial Agricultural Zoning Office has compiled and published Comprehensive Agricultural Zoning in Heilongjiang Province and Data Set of Agricultural Resources in Heilongjiang Province. This work involves climate resources, land resources, water resources and biological resources. And the cultivated land is not specifically evaluated, so the classification of cultivated land is not reflected in the provincial summary materials.

(d) Assessment of agricultural land in the second soil survey.

1979 1990 After the second soil survey of 10, the soil in Heilongjiang Province was investigated under the unified requirements, and the properties and distribution of various soils in the province were found out. On this basis, the index method is used to evaluate the land for agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, in which the agricultural land is divided into four grades and the first grade agricultural land is 286.4. The second-grade agricultural land is 593 1 10,000 hectares, the third-grade agricultural land is 240.2 hectares and the fourth-grade agricultural land is 6.774 million hectares. The participating factors are moisture status, soil thickness, soil texture, slope, soil organic matter content, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH value and annual output, which are actually the combination of soil grass-roots classification and soil types.

199 1 Heilongjiang Soil and Fertilizer Management Station accepted the research task of the Regional Development Office of the Ministry of Agriculture and the National Soil and Fertilizer Station, classified the cultivated land fertility in Heilongjiang Province by using the data of the second soil survey, divided the types of high, medium and low-yield fields, and put forward an index system to improve the acceptance criteria of medium and low-yield fields. This work was led by the Soil and Fertilizer Management Station of Heilongjiang Province, and organized 8 experts in the province to divide the cultivated land in the province into 2,360,400 hectares of high-yield fields, 5,432,700 hectares of middle-yield fields and 896.05 hectares of low-yield fields according to their production capacity. Low-and-medium-yield fields are further divided into eight types, such as waterlogged dry field type, sloping field type, fertilization type, salinization type, drought and desertification type, obstacle level type, latent paddy field type and irrigation improvement type, and each type is divided into different grades. The participating factors mainly include topography, slope, water condition, soil structure, humus thickness, topsoil texture, groundwater level, irrigation and drainage conditions, soil organic matter content, irrigation improvement type and so on.

(V) Pilot agricultural land classification in the mid-1980s.

1985 May1986 In May, according to the deployment of the Land Administration Bureau of the former Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, the Soil Investigation Department of the Land Use Administration Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, together with the Land Administration Bureau of Jiamusi City, carried out the pilot work of agricultural land classification and grading in Jixian County. According to the requirements of the National Technical Specification for Land Evaluation (Draft), the technical scheme of land evaluation is formulated. In the evaluation method, the same unit is evaluated by exponential sum method, soil survey method and microcomputer method respectively. Through the comparative study of three evaluation methods, it is considered that the index sum method and soil investigation method are feasible. The evaluation results of index and sum method are as follows: among the 99459.4438+0 hectares of cultivated land in the county, 9496.00 hectares are first-class land, accounting for10%; The second-class land is 38,584.10 hectare, accounting for 39%; Third-class land is 38,300.28 hectares, accounting for 38%; Grade IV land 1 18 14.98 hectares, accounting for12%; Fifth-class land 1264.05 hectares, accounting for 1%. The evaluation results of soil survey method are as follows: the first-class land in the county 12407.53 hectares, accounting for13%; The second-class land is 35,034.52 hectares, accounting for 35%; The third-grade land is 37,999.00 hectares, accounting for 38%; Grade iv land1171.14 hectares, accounting for12%; The fifth-class land is 2307.22 hectares, accounting for 2%. The pilot results have been accepted by the masses, and at the same time, it provides a scientific basis for Jixian County to adjust the agricultural structure, transform the soil eroded by Feng Shui, prevent flood and low temperature, and guide production according to local conditions.

(vi) Assess agricultural land when studying the population carrying potential of land.

1989101October19921February Research Project "Population Carrying Capacity of Land in Heilongjiang Province" According to the provisions of the United Nations Development Plan and China Project, this project studies the population carrying capacity of land and involves the evaluation of agricultural land suitability and productivity. The main factors involved in the evaluation are drainage, soil thickness, calcium carbonate content, fertility, electrical conductivity and replaceable sodium. Determine the yield of each crop according to the demand of various crops for soil.

In addition to the evaluation of agricultural land in Heilongjiang Province involved in the above work, some departments have evaluated some agricultural land in Heilongjiang Province in different periods, such as land planning carried out by state-owned farms and some cities and counties in the 1950s and 1960s. Their tasks include the division of five types of land for agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and by-fishing, the planning of mountain, water, forest, road and residential land, and the comprehensive planning on this basis, all of which involve the evaluation of agricultural land. In addition, there are regional surveys, such as the Heilongjiang River Basin survey jointly conducted by China and the Soviet Union, and the Sanjiang Plain and Songnen Plain surveys jointly conducted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and relevant departments. All these works are not specifically aimed at agricultural land valuation. Therefore, the participating factors and evaluation methods adopted are not uniform and standardized.

(seven) the pilot of agricultural land classification from the late 1980s to the early 1990s.

1989 In September, the former State Bureau of Land Management decided to carry out the pilot work of agricultural land classification, and determined Zhaozhou County of Heilongjiang Province as one of the six pilot counties in China.

198910 June1991010 October, Heilongjiang Land Investigation and Utilization Technology Center and Zhaozhou County Land Administration Bureau carried out the pilot work of agricultural land classification and grading. Under the unified leadership of the former Heilongjiang Provincial Bureau of Land Management and Zhaozhou County People's Government, with the project undertaker as the leading factor and with the cooperation of relevant units in the county, a professional team was formed to collect data on land, soil, meteorology, hydrology, regionalization, agricultural economy, scientific research, etc. in accordance with the requirements of the Regulations on Agricultural Land Classification and Grading issued by the former State Bureau of Land Management (special for land and resources investigation), and to study and formulate work plans and technical plans. According to the principles of importance, stability, independence and difference, natural factors such as soil texture, black soil layer thickness, organic matter content, pH value, salt content, alkalization degree, pseudohypha occurrence position, carbonate content, groundwater depth, salt and bicarbonate ion content, etc. 1 1 are selected as the basis for land quality evaluation. After a series of work processes such as field investigation, soil sampling and analysis, the pilot task was completed on time. Of the county's 1427 12.96 hectares of cultivated land, 20,950.00 hectares are first-class land, accounting for15%; The second-class land is 46,467.55 hectares, accounting for 32%; Third-class land is 56,934.22 hectares, accounting for 40%; Grade iv land 1836 1. 19 hectares, accounting for 13%. The results of the pilot work of agricultural land classification in Zhaozhou County include:1∶ 50,000 agricultural land classification map of the whole county, technical report of agricultural land classification and statistical table of land classification area.

The concepts of land use coefficient and land economic coefficient were first introduced into the pilot work of agricultural land classification in Zhaozhou County, Heilongjiang Province.