What does Norman mean? What is the distribution now?

Norman (Norsemen or Northmen) belongs to Germanic people. They plundered and explored the countries in continental Europe from their original places of residence such as northern Europe, Jutland and Scandinavia in the 8th-11century. Among them, the Normans who settled in the British Isles, western Europe and southern Europe were quickly assimilated by the local residents, while the Normans who established the principality in northwest France accepted the political systems of France, Christianity and France, established the Normandy Dynasty in England in 1066, and established the Sicilian Kingdom in southern Italy. Norman was also called "Viking".

A long time ago, some Teutonic people migrated northward through Denmark, crossed the Sea of Ská girac and the Khadgate Strait to Sweden and Norway, and became the earliest settled residents there. These Teutonic people are the ancestors of Norman people. Norman mainly refers to the residents who lived in northern Europe and Scandinavia in the Middle Ages. They have another name: Viking. "Viking" refers to people who invaded countries near the fjord. Some historians also refer to Viking as a "pirate". This name mainly comes from the magnificent "piracy" in the medieval history of Europe. It originated in Sweden, Denmark and Norway in Scandinavia, starting in the middle and late 8th century and ending in the middle and late 20th century. In addition to the well-known British Isles and France, Russia and the Caspian Sea in the east, the Mediterranean Sea in the south, Greenland and even North America in the west.

In people's minds, "pirate" means robbery and murder. But in fact, "piracy" is not only an armed robbery, but also includes peaceful aspects such as commerce and trade, cultural exchange, immigration and colonization. "Pirates" leave people not only terror and suffering, but also their own unique and precious cultural heritage. The civilization created by the Nordic peoples in the Viking era (700- 1000) is called "Viking civilization".

Norman social order was based on family rules, economic cooperation and legal beliefs. Norman foundlings can be abandoned at will, but as long as they are taken in, the children will receive legal training and care. Before the spread of Christianity, when Scandinavians named their children, they would pour water on their heads to show that their families had taken them in.

Norman education is full of practicality: girls learn daily family skills, including wine making; Boys learn swimming, skiing, carving wood and metal, wrestling, boating, skating, playing hockey, and more importantly, they also learn hunting, archery and using swords and spears. The high jump is a national sport, and some Norman people can jump higher than their own height. Many children are taught to read and write, and trained as doctors and legal talents. Norman people like singing and playing musical instruments. Their most distinctive instrument is the harp.

The marriage of Norman women was usually decided by their parents. Although they have the right to veto this arrangement, if she marries against her parents' wishes, her husband will be regarded as a criminal and her relatives can put him to death according to law. A man and his wife must have sufficient reasons for divorce, otherwise the woman's family can murder him at will. When the woman is newly married, she enjoys the property right of her husband13, and after 20 years of marriage, she can get half of her husband's property right; She can give him advice on career planning and feel comfortable with the male guests at home.

Norman respected and advocated labor. Fishing and hunting are common industries; Norman developed the forests of Sweden with his will and physical strength, and turned the frozen slopes of Norway into arable land. There is soil mixed with Norwegian soil in wheat fields in Minnesota, USA. Scandinavia is famous for its extensive free farmers, who can share a lot of cultivated land equally, but there are few big landlords. The unwritten safeguard law has reduced the losses caused by many disasters: a house was burned down and neighbors had to help rebuild it; If a family's cow dies of illness or is lost, the neighbor will use his own cow to make up for half of the loss.

Almost every Norman was an artist, especially good at bamboo. Although ironmaking technology didn't spread to northern Europe until the 8th century, they soon produced all kinds of solid and beautiful tools, weapons, bronze ornaments, gold and silver ornaments and so on. Their shields, tattooed swords, rings, clips and bells all represent beauty and pride. The ships and warships they built are not bigger than those in ancient times, but they are stronger: the flat bottom has high stability and the ship pulp is sharp, which can be used to stab the enemy; The boat is 4-6 feet deep and 60-0/80 feet long. They are equipped with parallel sails or all use wooden paddles, often with 10, 16 or 60 wooden paddles on one side. These simple ships carried Norman explorers, businessmen, pirates and soldiers down the Russian river, into the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, or across the Atlantic Ocean to Iceland and Labrador.

Norman society was divided into earl, farmer, landlord and slave. They sternly teach children that personal class comes from God's will, and only dishonest people dare to change it. Emperors are selected from the glorious lineage, and local officials are selected from the earl class. This monarchical and aristocratic system is accompanied by a democratic system. The concrete forms of this democratic system include local parent-teacher conferences, villagers' conferences, provincial conferences and Balemen from bottom to top.

The prominent feature of Norman law is heavy punishment. Arsonists are tied to a pillar of fire and burned to death. Elders are hung next to a live wolf who is also hanged. Those who betray the government will be dismembered by five horses or dragged to death by wild horses. Although these laws are brutal and cruel, they finally legalize society. Pirates finally surrendered to the law and became maritime businessmen, using their brains instead of force.

Normans revered and worshipped gods. They believe that the forces and incarnations of nature are gods related to individuals. They even treat people as victims to atone for God. The father of the gods is "Odin", which means wood in Germanic. He searched for wisdom on the earth. He invented letters, taught people to write, pursued poetry, art and obeyed the law.

In the 8th-/Kloc-0th/2nd century, a great poem appeared on the peninsula, which was called "Love of Poetry" by later generations, and most of it was a folk song describing the heroic deeds of Scandinavian and Germanic countries. The early Scandinavian environment was so hard that only the strongest people could survive in the living environment; The ancient custom of blood feud and the bad habit of lawless robbery at sea all embody the characteristics of the Norman nation and also create Nietzsche's arrogance and courage. A Viking said, "I'll tell you where my confidence lies-I only believe in my own strength." The vikings were bellicose and brave. They think cowardice is evil, while strength is good. "Fjords" grew up in hard training, and they are eager to occupy more land, wealth and power. In this case, the arrival of the pirate era is a natural thing.