Colon adenocarcinoma is highly differentiated. What should I do if I invade the whole layer of the intestinal wall and there is no cancer in the intestinal wall?

Colon cancer is a common malignant tumor in the digestive tract, accounting for the third place in gastrointestinal tumors. The most common site is rectum and the junction of rectum and sigmoid colon, accounting for 65%. Most cases occurred after 40 years old, and the ratio of male to female was 2 ~ 3: 1. The incidence rate is the highest in the age group of 40 ~ 50 years. According to the world epidemiological survey, the incidence of colon cancer is the highest in North America, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand and other places, ranking the top two in visceral tumors, while the incidence in Asia, Africa and Latin America is very low. The morbidity and mortality in China are lower than those of common malignant tumors such as gastric cancer, esophageal cancer and lung cancer. According to local data, with the improvement of people's living standards and the change of diet structure, its incidence rate shows a variety of trends year by year.

Colon cancer [3]? Most patients are over middle age, the median age is 45 years old, and patients under 30 account for about 5%. The clinical manifestations of colon cancer vary with the size, location and pathological type of the lesion. Many patients with early colon cancer may be asymptomatic clinically, but with the development of the disease course and the enlargement of the focus, a series of common symptoms of colon cancer may occur, such as increased stool frequency, bloody stool with mucus, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, intestinal obstruction, general fatigue, weight loss, anemia and so on.

Symptoms in different course of disease

(1) Early symptoms: Abdominal distension, discomfort and indigestion may appear at the earliest stage, and then there will be changes in defecation habits, such as increased defecation times, diarrhea or constipation, abdominal pain before defecation, etc. There will be mucus stool or mucus purulent bloody stool in the future.

(2) Poisoning symptoms: Due to tumor ulceration, blood loss and toxin absorption, patients often have anemia, low fever, fatigue, emaciation and edema, especially anemia and emaciation.

(3) Intestinal obstruction: It is a symptom of incomplete or complete low intestinal obstruction, such as abdominal distension, abdominal pain (abdominal distension or colic), constipation or constipation. Physical examination showed abdominal bulge, intestinal type, local tenderness, and strong bowel sounds could be heard.

(4) Abdominal mass: it is a tumor or mass that infiltrates and adheres to the greater omentum and surrounding tissues. Hard, irregular shape, part can move with the intestine to a certain extent. There are many infiltrations in advanced tumors, and the masses can be fixed.

(5) Late manifestations: there are signs of liver metastasis such as jaundice, ascites and edema, and there are also manifestations of distant spread and metastasis of tumors such as cachexia, anterior rectal recess and supraclavicular lymph node enlargement.

differential diagnosis

1. Benign tumor of colon has a long course and mild symptoms. X-ray shows local filling defect, regular shape, smooth surface, sharp edge, no stenosis of intestinal cavity and complete colon bag.

2. Colitis diseases (including tuberculosis, schistosomiasis granuloma, ulcerative colitis, dysentery, etc. ) has its own characteristics in the history of intestinal inflammatory diseases. Microscopic examination of stool may have its special findings, such as eggs and phagocytes. Dysentery can cultivate pathogenic bacteria. X-ray examination showed that the affected intestine was long, but the cancer rarely exceeded 10 cm. Colonoscopy and histopathological examination are also different, and further diagnosis can be made.

3. Other colonic spasm: X-ray examination showed that the small intestine stenosis was reversible. Appendiceal abscess; There was an abdominal mass, but X-ray examination showed that the mass was outside the cecum, and the patient had a history of appendicitis.

Different special manifestations of colon cancer in different parts;

Right colon cancer

Right colon cancer often manifests as abdominal mass, anemia, abdominal pain, general weakness and emaciation. Abdominal pain is also one of the main symptoms of patients with right colon cancer. Bloody stool and anemia are common symptoms of right colon cancer. Anemia is the third common symptom of right colon cancer, and fecal occult blood test is often positive, which can appear as the first symptom.

Left colon cancer

Blood is the most common symptom of left colon cancer, accounting for about 75%. It is often manifested as dark red blood on the surface of feces, which is easy to be found by patients and attracts attention. Mucous stool or mucopurulent blood stool may also appear.

Self-diagnosis of colon cancer

Colon cancer is a common malignant tumor of digestive tract, accounting for the third place in gastrointestinal tract tumor. The most common site is rectum and the junction of rectum and sigmoid colon, accounting for 65%. Most cases occurred after 40 years old, and the ratio of male to female was 2-3: 1.

Most patients with colon cancer are over middle age, with a median age of 45, and about 5% patients are under 30. The clinical manifestations of colon cancer vary with the size, location and pathological type of the lesion. Many patients with early colon cancer may be asymptomatic clinically, but with the development of the disease course and the enlargement of the focus, a series of common symptoms of colon cancer may occur, such as increased stool frequency, bloody stool with mucus, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, intestinal obstruction, general fatigue, weight loss, anemia and so on.

The early symptoms of colon cancer are mostly mild or not obvious, which are often ignored by patients and easily missed diagnosis. Therefore, patients over middle age should be vigilant and consider the possibility of colon cancer when they have the following manifestations:

(1) Feces become thinner or contain blood and mucus;

② Changes in defecation habits (such as constipation, diarrhea or poor defecation), and recent persistent abdominal discomfort, dull pain or bloating;

③ The fecal occult blood test continued to be positive;

④ Abdominal palpable mass;

⑤ Anemia, fatigue or weight loss with unknown causes.

When the above suspicious phenomena appear, in addition to further medical history inquiry and physical examination, the following systematic examination should be carried out immediately to make a definite diagnosis.

Matters needing attention in operation

(1) After laparotomy, the exploration of the tumor should be light and should not be squeezed.

(2) During resection, the blood vessels at the root of tumor mesangium should be blocked first to prevent the blood from being transferred. And separated from the mesenteric root to the intestine.

(3) Blocking the intestine with a cloth belt at the position where the intestine is to be cut, so as to reduce the implantation and metastasis of cancer cells in the intestine. Some people advocate injecting anticancer drugs into the blocked intestine, usually 5- fluorouracil 30 mg/kg body weight, diluting with 50 ml normal saline, and separating the intestine after 30 minutes.

(4) When it adheres to the surrounding tissues, it can be removed as much as possible.

(5) Before abdominal closure, the abdominal cavity should be fully flushed to reduce cancer cell implantation and abdominal infection.

Surgical complications

1. Anastomotic leakage is a serious complication of colorectal surgery, and the incidence of primary left colorectal surgery is high. The incidence of anastomotic leakage by traditional manual operation is 5%- 10%. The incidence of anastomotic leakage decreased after using stapler technology, which was about 2.5%-6.5%. 6%。 The reasons for the analysis are as follows:

(1) Insufficient preoperative preparation. Domestic literature reported that the incidence of complications of emergency colon cancer surgery was as high as 74 and 65438 0%.

(2) The patient is malnourished. Most patients with colorectal cancer are middle-aged and elderly people, and cases in the middle and late stages are more common.

(3) operational errors. Good blood supply is an important factor to ensure the normal healing of anastomosis. During the operation, too much free mesentery at the broken end of intestinal tube or too much adipose tissue around colon anastomosis will damage mesenteric blood vessels, make the blood supply of anastomosis poor, the tension of anastomosis is too high, and the suture is not tight enough, which may affect the healing of anastomosis.

In order to prevent anastomotic leakage, the following three points should be achieved:

(1) Strictly grasp the indications of primary colorectal surgery, especially acute intestinal obstruction cases;

(2) Pay attention to the blood distance and tension of anastomosis during operation. The cleaning and anastomosis of intestinal cavity during operation meet the conditions of upper qi, right mouth and lower passage;

(3) Once the anastomotic leakage is diagnosed, enterostomy or Hartmann operation should be actively performed, and effective drainage, surgical nutrition and anti-infection treatment should be given at the same time.

2. Presacral hemorrhage Presacral hemorrhage is a serious complication of rectal surgery, which is usually fatal. The main reason is that the anterior sacral venous plexus is damaged when the posterior rectal wall is separated. Because the presacral venous plexus is reticulate and fixed in front of the sacrum, and it has communication with the vertebral vein in the sacral foramen, it is difficult to stop bleeding once the bleeding point is retracted into the sacral foramen. In order to prevent the occurrence of presacral hemorrhage, attention should be paid to entering the correct space when the posterior rectal wall is free. The treatment for bleeding can be steel nails. If it is really difficult to stop bleeding, it can be wrapped with gauze to stop bleeding, and the effect is satisfactory. Never sew blindly.

3. Other complications include ureteral injury, anastomotic necrosis and abdominal hernia. These complications are directly related to the operation. The surgical methods of colorectal cancer are relatively mature, and each operation has its important steps. As long as these points are grasped, most surgical complications can be avoided.

Traditional Chinese medicine can regulate the body's immunity, restore and enhance the immune system function of postoperative patients, and has synergistic attenuation effect with chemotherapy, especially the protective effect on digestive tract reaction and hematopoietic inhibition caused by chemotherapy, so it has been paid more and more attention not only in China but also in some developed countries in the world. For postoperative patients with colon cancer, Chinese medicine generally adopts the methods of invigorating qi and spleen, clearing away heat and detoxifying. According to the results of syndrome differentiation, it can also be combined with the method of dredging collaterals and dispersing stagnation. The specific medication varies from person to person, and individualized treatment is carried out according to different stages of illness, different constitutions and different syndromes.

(1) Chinese patent medicines

1. cinobufotalin injection: cinobufotalin 20ml+5% glucose 500ml, once a day, can be used alone or in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

2. cinobufotalin oral liquid: 10 ~ 20ml/ time, taken orally three times a day, combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, has the functions of alleviating the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, maintaining liver and kidney functions and protecting bone marrow. For advanced patients who cannot tolerate radiotherapy and chemotherapy, it can also be used alone.

(2) Treatment based on syndrome differentiation.

1. damp-heat accumulation type; Pulsatilla soup.

Pulsatilla 30g Cortex Fraxini 15g Rhizoma Coptidis 3g Cortex Phellodendri 9g Caulis Sargentodoxae 15g Herba Patriniae 15g Radix Sophorae Flavescentis 15g Herba Portulacae 15g Flos Hibisci 12g Radix Actinidiae 30g.

2. Stasis toxin internal resistance type: Gexia Zhuyu decoction is modified.

Peach kernel 9g safflower 9g Radix Paeoniae Rubra 9g Radix Angelicae Sinensis 9g Rhizoma Chuanxiong 6g Oletum 9g Rhizoma Cyperi 9g Rhizoma Corydalis 15g Rhizoma Curcumae 15g Manicure 9g Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae 30g

3. Spleen deficiency and qi stagnation type: Xiangsha Liujunzi decoction.

Radix Aucklandiae 6g Fructus Amomi 3g Radix Codonopsis 15g Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae 12g Poria cocos 12g Pericarpium Citri Tangerinae 6g August Zagreb 12g Fructus Aurantii 9g Linderae 9g Green Sepals 9g Aquilaria 9g.

4. Spleen and kidney yang deficiency type: Lizhong decoction.

Codonopsis pilosula 15g fried atractylodes 12g stir-fried ginger charcoal 3g nutmeg 9g psoralea corylifolia 12g Schisandra 6g Evodia 3g aconite 6g cinnamon 3g.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) immunotherapy

It can improve the anti-tumor ability of patients and has developed rapidly in recent years, such as interferon, interleukin, transfer factor, tumor necrosis factor and so on. , and gradually widely used, not only can improve the immune ability of patients, but also can cooperate with chemotherapy.

Syndrome differentiation treatment of traditional Chinese medicine

Heat-toxic hyperactivity type

clinical picture

Abdominal distension and pain, frequent defecation, pus and mucus in stool, loss of appetite, yellow greasy fur and thready pulse.

Dietotherapy medicated diet

1, hawthorn Tianqi porridge: 20 grams of hawthorn, 5 grams of Tianqi (ground), 60 grams of japonica rice, honey 1 spoon, add appropriate amount of water, and cook porridge twice a day.

2, sea cucumber fungus pig intestine soup: 60 grams of sea cucumber, fungus 15 grams (water hair), pig intestine 1 about 50 cm (washed and cut into small pieces), boiled and seasoned.

3. Xiang Lian stewed pork intestines: Radix Aucklandiae 1 0g, Radix Chuanxiong 6g, pork intestines1segment (washed) 30cm, and Radix Notoginseng 5g. Put Radix Aucklandiae, Rhizoma Coptidis, and Radix Notoginseng together into the fat sausage, tie both ends tightly, stew the intestines with water, and take medicine and soup to eat the fat sausage.

Qi stagnation and blood stasis type

clinical picture

Abdominal distension and pain, hard abdominal mass, dark purple or purulent stool, or acute and heavy interior, dark purple tongue or ecchymosis, thin yellow fur, thin and astringent pulse.

Dietotherapy medicated diet

1. Pig blood crucian carp porridge: pig blood 200g, crucian carp 100g, rice 100g. Scaled crucian carp, removed intestinal impurities and gills, cut into small pieces, and cooked porridge with pig blood and rice. 65438+ 0-2 times a day.

2. Water chestnut, coix seed and notoginseng lean broth: water chestnut 15 tablets, coix seed 20g, notoginseng rice 5g, lean meat 60g (chopped), boiled until cooked, and salted.

Yin deficiency of liver and stomach

clinical picture

Abdominal pain is faint and the lump is palpable. Dry stool is granular or small and flat, with bitter taste and dry mouth, anorexia or vomiting, red tongue and rapid pulse.

After the operation [edit this paragraph]

Postoperative colon cancer is better, the survival rate of at least 5 years after radical operation is more than 50%, the early patients are more than 80%, and the late patients are only about 30%.

After colon cancer surgery, you should go to the hospital regularly for check-up and rehabilitation measures. The survival time after specific treatment is related to your physique, rehabilitation environment and postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

The cause of colon cancer has not been really understood, and doctors have different views on whether colon cancer can be inherited.

A family was investigated abroad. In 75 years, * * * has more than 650 blood relatives, 96 of whom are patients with malignant tumors, most of which are colon cancer, accompanied by adenocarcinoma of other organs. It has been found that the risk of colon cancer among compatriots is five times higher than that of the general population; Family factors of colon cancer are more common than other digestive tract cancers. So many doctors think that genetic factors are related to colon cancer.

Postoperative care of patients with colitis [8]?

Some colon cancer patients give up exercise for fear of affecting wound healing and having slight abdominal pain. It is normal for colon cancer patients to feel pain during exercise, and the pain will gradually disappear as the exercise continues. Therefore, we should get out of bed early after the operation according to our own situation. Generally, patients who have been discharged for three weeks can take walks, sit-ups and other exercises. Proper exercise can also speed up blood circulation, improve immunity and promote toxins to be excreted as soon as possible. On the contrary, no exercise can easily lead to intestinal adhesion or intestinal obstruction, which is not conducive to rehabilitation.

In addition, patients should get more sunshine after operation to promote the synthesis of vitamins in the body. Chemotherapy drugs can easily lead to insufficient vitamin intake in patients with colon cancer. Although you can take some vitamins and trace elements from your diet, if you don't bask in the sun often, the vitamins you take in can't be synthesized, which may lead to complications such as bleeding and even damage your blood coagulation system.

[Edit this paragraph] Diet therapy

Dietary principles and requirements

First, diet therapy.

The main physiological function of colon is to absorb water and store food residues to form feces. The glands of colonic mucosa can secrete thick mucus, which is alkaline and can neutralize the fermentation products of feces. When colon cancer occurs, physiological function is destroyed, defecation function and general condition are affected, and symptoms such as diarrhea, defecation difficulty and weight loss appear. If you still don't pay attention to diet, eating some indigestible foods and cancer-promoting foods will aggravate the progress of colon cancer and make the whole body fail. Patients with colon cancer must pay attention to their daily diet.

Studies have proved that high-fat diet can promote the occurrence of intestinal tumors, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can reduce blood lipid but promote cancer. Cholesterol itself does not cause cancer, but at the same time it reacts with cholic acid, which can promote cancer, indicating that cholic acid is a cancer-promoting factor. Therefore, patients with colon cancer should not eat too much fat, the total fat accounts for less than 30% of the total heat energy, and the proportion of animal and vegetable oil should be appropriate. In other words, in a day's meal, including the amount of fat in the food itself, plus cooking oil, the daily fat should be below 50 grams. Some friends are afraid of coronary heart disease and control animal fat very strictly. They often take vegetable oil as the main ingredient, and even don't eat animal oil, which will cause too much peroxide in the body. Because the carbon chain in vegetable oil is unstable and easy to oxidize, if you eat some animal fat properly, it will make the carbon chain stable and not easy to oxidize, and reduce the formation of free radicals in the body. Therefore, we must eat scientifically and pay attention to the reasonable proportion of oil. It is suggested that the ratio of saturated fatty acids to polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids is 1: 1: 1.

Pay attention to eat more vegetables rich in dietary fiber, such as celery, leek, cabbage, radish and other green leafy vegetables. Vegetables rich in dietary fiber can stimulate intestinal peristalsis, increase defecation times, and take away carcinogenic and toxic substances in feces. If colon cancer bulges into the intestinal cavity and the intestinal cavity narrows, it is necessary to control the intake of dietary fiber, because excessive intake of dietary fiber will cause intestinal obstruction. At this time, digestible, soft and semi-liquid foods should be given, such as millet porridge, lotus root powder thick soup, rice soup, porridge, corn porridge, egg soup and tofu. These foods can reduce the irritation to the intestine, pass through the intestinal cavity smoothly and prevent intestinal obstruction.

Patients after colon cancer surgery should follow the doctor's advice to eat and drink like other patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Diet should start from soft, gradually adapt to the body, and then add other diets. Be careful not to eat too much fat, and mix with sugar, fat, protein, minerals, vitamins and other foods reasonably. There should be cereals, lean meat, fish, eggs, milk, various vegetables and bean products every day, and the amount of each should not be too much. Only in this way can we supplement all kinds of nutrients needed in the body. If you can't eat normally in the early postoperative period, intravenous fluid replacement should be given priority to. Pay attention to strengthening nursing and diet nutrition after operation to promote the recovery of patients.

In the early stage of intestinal cancer, stool changes often occur, sometimes constipation, sometimes diarrhea and bloody stool. Some patients have constipation and diarrhea alternately. Therefore, patients with early colorectal cancer should pay attention to adjusting their stools and eat more foods with more crude fiber in their diet, such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, bananas and vegetables. But the processing should be careful to avoid the stimulation of the tumor site by too rough food. Foods rich in cellulose can make the stool have real capacity, which can not only prevent constipation, but also prevent diarrhea to some extent and ensure regular defecation every day.

Patients with advanced colorectal cancer have intestinal stricture due to the growth of malignant tumor invading the intestine, which blocks defecation to varying degrees and reduces food intake. At this time, we should pay attention to giving patients foods rich in nutrition and low in crude fiber, such as eggs, lean meat, bean products, flour and rice, and young leaf vegetables. And told patients to drink more honey water and eat more bananas and pears, among which honey has the best laxative effect.

Patients with intestinal cancer should not eat spicy food. Peppers, peppers and other foods have a stimulating effect on the anus and must not be eaten.

Edible medicated diet

1, auricularia auricula+0.5g (water hair), daylily 30g, silky fowl 1 (about 500g) to remove hair and viscera. Stew black-bone chicken for 1 hour first, then add black fungus and water lily leaves until everything is cooked and rotten, and add salt to taste as seasoning.

2. Fairy porridge: 60 grams of raw Polygonum Multiflori Radix, 0/00 grams of japonica rice/kloc, 6 red dates (denuded), and appropriate amount of brown sugar. Decoct Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Take the thick juice, remove the residue, and put glutinous rice and red dates into a casserole to cook porridge. When the porridge is ready, add brown sugar to taste and cook for a while.

3. Shuangshen Zhuxu Soup: Codonopsis pilosula 30g (finely cut and wrapped with gauze), sea cucumber 200g (soaked), kelp 50g, pig spine 50g (finely cut), appropriate amount of water, boiling with strong fire, simmering for 3h, seasoning with salt, removing Codonopsis pilosula residue, and eating meat with soup.

Extracurricular reading:

Cooking vegetables is the safest.

In order to prevent cancer, researchers at the National University of Singapore suggest that the kitchen should be ventilated as much as possible when cooking, and cooking methods using high-temperature cooking oil such as frying, frying and frying should be avoided as much as possible, and steaming and boiling should be used more.

A research team from the National University of Singapore published a research report in the authoritative journal Environmental Monitoring published by the Royal Chemical Society, saying that cooking oil heated to a temperature that can be fried or fried will release a variety of chemicals that may be harmful to the human body. If people are exposed to these substances frequently, the incidence of lung cancer, breast cancer and bladder cancer will increase.

The researchers compared the traditional cooking methods in China, India and Malaysia. They think that Malaysian chefs like frying, which requires heating a lot of oil to a very high temperature, so they release more harmful substances than Chinese food with only a small amount of oil. Indian food is mostly stewed, which releases much less harmful substances than China and Malaysian food.

Researchers warn that frequent exposure to cooking fumes will increase the risk of cancer. In the comparison of cuisines in three Asian countries, China cuisines which pay attention to "frying" release less harmful substances during cooking than Malaysian cuisines which like "frying", while Indian cuisines which pay attention to "cooking" are the safest.

Colon cancer suggests that colon cancer is easy to recur after operation. In order to prevent recurrence, western medicine generally needs radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Because radiotherapy and chemotherapy have no distinguishing ability, they need to be repeated. After repeated radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the patient's immune function and resistance decreased, and it was easy to transfer. It is suggested to take traditional Chinese medicine in time to treat patients' physique, and take immunotherapy and western medicine nutrition support treatment.

Massive bleeding after colon cancer surgery

Anatomically, no matter what kind of colon surgery, the feeding artery is clearly exposed during the operation and can be operated under direct vision. Therefore, there is generally less bleeding after colon cancer surgery. However, in the operation of left splenic flexure colon cancer, if the ligament of spleen and colon is short, it may injure the spleen by mistake and lead to bleeding. Or the tumor invades the mucosa and adheres to the lower pole of the spleen, resulting in bleeding when the spleen is separated.

In addition, inaccurate ligation of colon blood vessels, or blood scab falling off after electrocautery cauterizing blood vessels with a diameter greater than 3mm may also lead to massive bleeding. Therefore, emphasizing ligation and careful operation can reduce the occurrence of this complication to some extent.

Drainage tube should be placed after operation to observe the drainage volume. If the drainage volume is large, or clinical symptoms such as shock appear early after operation, we should be alert to the possibility of massive bleeding. Generally, conservative observation, blood transfusion, fluid replacement and other anti-shock treatments can be carried out first. If the amount of bleeding continues to increase or the symptoms of shock cannot be improved, it is necessary to explore and stop bleeding again. Abdominal drainage tube is an important channel to observe whether there is abdominal bleeding, and it should be properly protected to prevent it from falling off.

Colon cancer is easy to recur after operation. In order to prevent recurrence, western medicine generally needs radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Because radiotherapy and chemotherapy have no distinguishing ability, they need repeated radiotherapy and chemotherapy. After repeated radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the patient's immune function and resistance decreased, and it was easy to transfer. It is suggested to take traditional Chinese medicine in time, and take immunotherapy and western medicine nutrition support treatment according to the patient's physique.

Recipes after radiotherapy for colon cancer

Although radiotherapy can reduce cancer cells, radiation has biological effects and destructive effects on tumor cells and normal cells, so it will also cause certain damage to normal tissues, mainly the side effects of skin mucosa, nerves, digestive and hematopoietic systems.

After radiotherapy for cancer, symptoms such as dizziness, irritability, insomnia, bitter taste, thirst, red or peeling tongue coating, and rapid pulse appear. You can take products such as bird's nest that clear lung, nourish stomach and nourish body fluid.

Correlation statistics

Malignant change of colon is one of the common malignant changes, and the incidence rate is the highest in the 40-50 age group. According to the world epidemiological survey, the incidence of colon malignant transformation is the highest in North America, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand and other places, ranking the top two in visceral tumors, while the incidence is very low in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The morbidity and mortality in China are lower than common malignant changes, such as gastric malignant change, esophageal malignant change and lung malignant change.

In recent years, local data show that with the improvement of people's living standards and the change of diet structure, its incidence rate has been increasing year by year. The incidence of malignant transformation of large intestine in China and Japan is obviously lower than that in the United States, but the first generation of immigrants to the United States can see an increase in the incidence of malignant transformation of large intestine, and the second generation is basically close to the incidence of Americans. From the epidemiological point of view, the occurrence of colon canceration is related to environment, living habits, especially diet.

It is generally believed that high-fat diet and insufficient fiber are the main reasons. Studies have shown that saturated fatty acid diet can increase the concentration of bile acids and neutral sterols in the intestine and change the composition of coliforms. Bile acids can be produced by bacteria to produce malignant substances such as 3-methylcholanthrene, and sterol rings can also be aromatized by bacteria to form malignant substances. Dietary fiber, including cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, lignin, etc. It can absorb water, increase the amount of feces, dilute the concentration of intestinal residues, shorten the time for feces to pass through the large intestine and reduce the contact time between malignant substances and intestinal mucosa. If dietary fiber is insufficient, it will become one of the pathogenic factors of colon canceration.

The incidence of intestinal malignant transformation of chronic colorectal inflammation such as ulcerative colitis is higher than that of the general population. Polyps can often form during the development of inflammatory proliferative lesions, and further develop into intestinal malignant transformation. In Crohn's disease, patients with colon and rectum involvement can cause malignant transformation. There are obvious differences in the incidence and mortality of colon malignant transformation between endemic and non-endemic areas of schistosomiasis. In the past, it was thought that patients with chronic schistosomiasis were caused by egg deposition and toxin stimulation of intestinal wall, which caused chronic ulcer and inflammatory polyp of large intestine mucosa, and then caused malignant transformation. This view has always been controversial. According to the gradual control of schistosomiasis in Jiashan County, Zhejiang Province, the number of new cases has obviously decreased, and the late patients tend to disappear, while the incidence of colon malignant transformation is still high.

According to general statistics, the incidence of colon cancer in patients with colon polyps is five times that in patients without colon polyps. The incidence of malignant transformation of familial multiple intestinal polypoma is high. In recent years, it has been reported that the incidence rate of families with positive colon cancer is four times that of the general population, indicating that genetic factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of colon cancer.

Calcium supplement food can prevent intestinal cancer

Calcium supplementation can not only improve osteoporosis, but also prevent it? Have bowel cancer. This conclusion is not groundless. Researchers from Si Long-Kettering Cancer Center in New York investigated the high-risk population of colon cancer and rectal cancer, and found that consciously supplementing calcium through diet for 2-3 months can slow down the division of intestinal cells and reduce the occurrence of intestinal cancer.

In this regard, experts pointed out that calcium can absorb and combine carcinogens such as fatty acids and bile acids in the intestine; Calcium can also affect the biochemical reaction of cells and regulate the growth of cells, thus playing a role in preventing intestinal tumors. In addition, studies have confirmed that women who consume more than 465,438+02 mg of calcium and at least 800 mg of calcium supplements every day have a 46% lower risk of rectal cancer. Therefore, it can be said that proper calcium supplementation can resist the occurrence of rectal cancer to a certain extent.

It should be emphasized that although proper calcium supplementation can reduce the occurrence of intestinal tumors, it does not mean that people with calcium deficiency are prone to intestinal cancer. Don't blindly supplement calcium. Experts point out that normal people's daily calcium intake should not exceed 2000 mg. Moreover, it is suggested to supplement calcium through food, in which milk and dairy products contain high calcium content and are easy to absorb. The calcium content of milk is generally about 1 mg/ml, and about 250 mg of calcium can be obtained by drinking a bottle of milk (about 250 ml) every day.

Other foods with high calcium content include dried shrimps, kelp, black sesame, peanuts, beans and bean products. Only when the food intake of calcium is insufficient, drug supplementation is needed, but under the guidance of a doctor. For example, some vegetables rich in phytic acid and oxalic acid (amaranth, spinach, etc. ) are not conducive to the absorption of calcium; Eating foods such as vitamin D and various amino acids can promote the absorption of calcium, so it is best to consult a doctor before use.