Why is Russia's territory expanding bit by bit?

Russian history, Russian territorial expansion history

/kloc-Before the end of 0/6, neither Siberia nor the Far East was Russian territory. During this period, Russia has just formed a unified centralized country with a territorial area of only 280.

10,000 square kilometers, located in the northeast corner of Europe, far from Siberia. /kloc-After Tsar Ivan IV came to power in the middle of the 6th century, Russia began to expand eastward, gradually annexing large areas of Siberia and the Far East and extending its territory to the Pacific coast. In the process of Russia's eastward expansion, the first obstacle is the Siberian khanate adjacent to Russia.

1556, the tsar summoned the Lohan family in Kharkov state adjacent to the Siberian khanate, asked about the border situation and authorized them to resist the Siberian khanate. They were ordered to build fortifications near the Siberian khanate, recruit soldiers, acquire weapons and wait for an opportunity to occupy the Siberian khanate. 1574, the tsar once again ordered the Strohan family in Kharkov State to build cities and recruit troops in the east of Ural-ob river and its tributaries, the Tours River, the Tobol River and the Irtysh River, thus Russia directly expanded its power to the territory of the Siberian khanate. The Lohan people in Kharkov state, adhering to the will of the tsar, invaded the Siberian khanate many times and had fierce conflicts with the people of the khanate. 1579, the Lohan family in Kharkov sent someone to contact Ermak, the Cossack leader who had been severely punished by the Tsar, to encourage him to join in, conquer the Siberian khanate and help the Tsar colonize the territory.

158 1 year, after long-term preparation, Ermak led 840.

The People's Team, under the weapons of the Lohan family in Kharkov, conquered Siberia. Russian troops marched along the waterway, passed through the Chusovaya River, crossed the Urals, crossed the Shereka River, the Tagil River, the Tours River and the Tobol River, and finally invaded the Irtysh River. 158 1 year1year1October 26th, Kashrek, the capital of the Siberian khanate, was captured. Ermak and his gang made great contributions to Russia's expansion. The czar government decided to pardon Ermak and others, commend their actions, and award a large number of salaries. The Rohan family in Kharkov was also encouraged and rewarded by the two cities. The Russian aggression and atrocities aroused great anger among the people of the Siberian khanate, who struggled to resist the Russian invaders and persisted for more than 20 years. 1598, Russian troops defeated Kuchum Khan, and Kuchum Khan died shortly after fleeing to the prairie. At this point, Russia finally conquered the Siberian khanate. Its aggressive forces crossed the Urals Mountains, and Ermak's expedition opened the prelude to Russia's large-scale expansion to Siberia. By the 1930s and 1940s of 17, Russian aggression had crossed the Yenisei River and reached the Lena River, Chukchi Peninsula and the Sea of Okhotsk.

After Russia conquered the Siberian khanate, it sent heavy troops, built castles, held military positions and consolidated the newly occupied areas. And take these strongholds as the base camp, and further get their hands on the Balabin prairie. In order to occupy the middle and lower reaches of ob river, Russia also sent troops to Peking University, successively destroying the Emirate of Piram and the Emirate of Yepancha, and establishing two cities, Piram and Turinsk. The northern Ural Mountains and the lower reaches of ob river are known as "Yugra" and "Boshula" regions in Russian history. Samoyed, Hunter, Mansi and Trude have lived here for a long time. Their aquaculture and fur industry are very famous, and Russians have long coveted the wealth here. After Russia eliminated the Siberian khanate, it paved the way for the complete conquest of the lower reaches of ob river. 1593, after Russia defeated the Teutonic people, it established Berezov City on the former sites of Hante and Mansi Sugemutawa, and continued to March on the Taza River on this basis. In 160 1 year, it established Mangateya City in the lower reaches of the Taza River, which indicated that Russia basically occupied the lower reaches of ob river. At the same time, Russia stepped up its push to the upper reaches of ob river and established Tomsk City at the mouth of Tomu River. In this area, Russian troops fought fiercely with local Mongolians and Kyrgyz, and began to advance to the northwest frontier of China.

From the beginning of17th century, Russia continued to expand eastward and occupied the Yenisei River area in the 1920s. Russia's eastward advance is mainly based on the huge flow of Siberia, along the criss-crossing rivers and streams, from one stream to another. Between two similar waters and rivers, Russians call them "land and water roads". In winter, you can walk on ice. "Land-water connection" can shorten many distances. By the early 1930s, the Russians had occupied the middle, lower and upper reaches of the Yenisei River. In the process of Cossack's colonization, news about the Lena River has been heard all the time. And obtained some route information to the Lena River. After the Russian government occupied the two major water systems in Siberia, it also wanted to occupy the Lena River, the third largest water system. So they sent troops from Mangaxia in the north and Yenisesk in the south, and occupied the Lena River at the same time. Cossack troops came to the Lena River basin mainly through the north road of the Lower Tunguska River, the south road of the Upper Tunguska River and the ancient roads often used by the Ewenki people. They plundered the property on both sides of the river and established strongholds. Central Villier, Lower Villier and Upper Villier were successively established. 1638, the Russian government ordered the establishment of the Yakutsk military governor's office, forcibly incorporating large envelopes in the Lena River area into the Russian territory. Yakutsk was originally built on the right bank of the Lena River. 1643, Governor Golovin ordered the city to be moved to the left bank of the river. Since then, Yakutsk has become the command center of Russia's further expedition to Northeast Asia.

The geographical conditions in Northeast Asia are complicated. Besides mountains and rivers, it is also close to the Arctic Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk. From 65438 to the end of 1930s, Russian Cossacks began an expedition to Northeast Asia. Thaksin mainly entered the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the Lena River by sea, reached all parts of Northeast Asia by using the Lena River and its tributaries or by land, or reached the Sea of Okhotsk by several different routes. Russian colonialism established many castles and winter camps in this area in the process of advancing eastward. For example, 1638 established Vilho Jansk on the Yana River, and 1642 established Nijansk; Peter Vilske and others set up a stronghold on the Indigilka River. 1645, Mikhail Stadukhin and others arrived at the Jorge Lema River, and successively established three winter camps in Upper, Middle and Lower Kolemesk. Fort Okhotsk was built in 1647.

By the fifties and sixties of 17, Cossack's footprints had spread all over Northeast Asia. Then, they began to advance to kamchatka peninsula. At this time, the kamchatka peninsula was inhabited by Igor, Creole, Eskimo, slaves and so on. They are engaged in fishing and hunting here and live a primitive life. 1695, Yakutia Cossacks went to Fort Anadel in the overseers. Some of them visited kamchatka peninsula the next year. At the beginning of 1697, Atlasov, a Cossack of 50 people, assembled a team of 120 people to conquer kamchatka peninsula, where he fought fiercely with the local people. Later, castles such as Upper Kamchatka were built and guarded. By 17 1 1, the whole of kamchatka peninsula was conquered and incorporated into the Russian territory. After occupying Northeast Asia and kamchatka peninsula, Russia stepped up its push to Alaska and Aleutian Islands in the North Pacific.

In the process of expanding to Siberia and the Far East, Russia also extended its aggression tentacles to Lake Baikal and Heilongjiang. /kloc-In 1930s and 1940s, Russia invaded Lake Baikal from the west and north, centering on Yenisesk and Yakutsk. Cossacks established Balagansk (1654) and Irkutsk (1652) in the Angara River basin, and Vilho Lensk (1642) in the upper reaches of the Lena River. In the northeast corner of Lake Baikal, Cossacks established Upper Angarsk (1647) and Balguzin Fort (1648), and 1652 established Fort Bowen Tosk. In this way, Russian troops generally surrounded Lake Baikal from the north, laying the foundation for further southward and eastward advancement.

Russian troops went all the way south from the south bank of Lake Baikal, reaching the Mongolian area of China. One moves eastward to the Shileka River in the upper reaches of Heilongjiang and then invades Heilongjiang. On the way to the east and south, the Russians chose to go hand in hand with land and built several town castles in a hurry. For example, 1658

In 2008, Nebuchadnezzar was established; 1658, Trinbinsk was established; 1665, Serengesk was established; And in 1666.

Houdusse Keke was founded in 2006. These castles have played an important role in Russia's military, diplomatic and economic activities and trade with China.

65438+ In the forties and fifties of last century, Russia invaded the Heilongjiang River Basin. 1643, the branch of Cossack Bojar did not take the Ardan River, a tributary of Lena River, but entered the Mka River in New York State along the Wuqiur River, then crossed the outer Xing 'an Mountains, took the land route of lianshan, and finally entered the Jingjili River (Jieya River), a tributary of Heilongjiang Province. The other route starts from Mahe River in aulick and reaches Heilongjiang along Tujil River, its tributary. Khabarov's expedition to Heilongjiang took this road. In order to strengthen management, the Russian government set up the aulick Minsk Fortress at the Mahekou in aulick at 1656.

Russia conquered the vast Siberia and the Far East, and immediately established administrative and military institutions to control and implement colonial rule. The whole Siberia is managed by the central Siberian government. The region is divided into inspector jurisdiction and county. * * There are 4 supervisors.

A, namely Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yakutsk and Yenisesk, each governs several counties. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, there were 19 counties in Siberia, such as Tulinsk, Tyumen and Tara. Each district and county has supervisors who are responsible for all military, administrative, judicial and economic powers in their respective areas.

1850, taking advantage of the decline of China in the Qing Dynasty, invaded the Heilongjiang River Basin by force. In jaxa, Russians even eat Sauron people as food, which is really a man-eating demon; Nikolayev captured the Temple Street, brutally killed the local Hezhe and Ewenki residents, created the Temple Street tragedy, and renamed it Nikolayevsk; At the same time, it forced the Qing Dynasty to sign the Sino-Russian Love-Faint Treaty and the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, and seized 6,543,800 square kilometers of China territory in the Heilongjiang River Basin, including a large area of territory north of Heilongjiang, south of the outer Xing 'an Mountains and east of the Wusuli River to Sakhalin Island. Hezhe people living in this territory were slaughtered, the Elunchun people of Jieya River were forced to move into Daxing 'anling, and the Jurchen people were forced to move into the west of Wusuli River south of Heilongjiang. Finally, Russian immigrants became the main ethnic group in the area. I wonder if the Buryat Mongols east of Lake Baikal have been assimilated?

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Han people immigrated to Northeast China and became the main ethnic group in Northeast China, which ensured the centripetal force of Northeast China to China and became the strongest force to consolidate the border defense in Northeast China. Sixty-four villages east of Hailanpao River were reclaimed by Han Chinese for many years, so it was specifically declared in the Aihui Treaty to be reserved as the territory of China, becoming the only territory in China, north of Heilongjiang. At the end of the Qing dynasty, the Russians broke the contract and drove the Han and Oroqen residents to Heilongjiang to drown or kill them. This is the Hailan gun tragedy!

After the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai, the Northern Warlords and the Kuomintang regime refused to recognize the occupation of Liusiton in Jiangdong and insisted that Jiangdong was a part of China territory.

1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, and Russia took advantage of the fire to seize and colonize the whole northeast of China. 1905 Japan defeated Russia, seized the southern section of Sakhalin Island, the southern Kuril Islands and Vladivostok, and controlled Jilin and Liaoning. Later, southern Heilongjiang entered Zhang, and the Far East Republic was established in 19 17, and Japan controlled the entire Kuril Islands.

193 1 year, the Japanese occupied the northeast of China, established a puppet "Manchukuo" and confronted the Soviet Union in Heilongjiang. The Soviet Union drove away or killed the Han nationality in the Far East and forcibly moved the Korean nationality in the Far East to Central Asia. 1945, the Soviet Union recaptured the southern part of Sakhalin Island and Vladivostok from Japan, and occupied the entire Kuril Islands (including four northern Japanese islands).