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What was Harbin Shipping Station like in the past?

Author: Gao, an analyst at Tourism Culture Industry Research Center of Economic Research Institute of Harbin Development and Reform Commission.

(A) put forward the concept of "river-sea combined transport".

The "river-sea combined transport" discussed in this paper refers to the process of starting from Harbin, passing through the lower reaches of Songhua River, passing through Yilan, Heihe and Tongjiang, entering the Russian-controlled Heilongjiang waterway, passing through Khabarovsk (Boli) and Blavy Stoke (Blue Ocean Bubble), reaching Nicholsk Port, passing through the narrow tatar strait and finally entering the Pacific shipping route.

From the perspective of transnational trade, compared with Dalian and Vladivostok, Nicolaus Port has more spatial advantages. As early as 19 10, the route from Harbin to Nicolaus port highlighted the characteristics of low freight rate and giving full play to the advantages of ocean-going transnational trade. At that time, this route was considered as the most convenient shortcut for goods from northeast China to Europe.

What is intriguing, however, is that Russians, China people, Japanese people, British people, Germans and Americans are all trying to maximize Harbin's role as a grain futures, storage and trading center in Northeast Asia, and have been trying to find a seaport for Harbin. However, this route is obviously more advantageous, realizing the "river-sea combined transport". Due to the ever-changing international relations in Northeast Asia in modern times, it has been stranded again and again. It only existed for less than 10 years, but it was artificially divided into Harbin-Tongjiang and Khabarovsk-Nicholsk for a long time, which could not play an overall transportation role; For a long time, Harbin has chosen to repeatedly load and unload goods at the upstream port of Songhua River through the Middle East Railway and the Nanman Railway, in order to avoid the near and seek the far. Through the so-called "land-water combined transport", Harbin connects with other ports on the Pacific route through ports such as Vladivostok, Dalian and Jiangqiao, and then trades with China, Japan, North Korea, Britain and Germany. Correspondingly, the shipping value of Songhua River has not been fully exerted. The author thinks that apart from natural reasons such as unstable water flow and siltation, the most important constraint here is that the lower reaches of Songhua River have never found a convenient and unobstructed estuary.

(B) the historical background of the realization of river-sea combined transport

As mentioned above, Harbin is not a coastal port, but it has always been regarded as an important node of ocean-going transnational grain trade. It has always been regarded as an important port on the Pacific route, occupying an important position in the world economic history, enjoying the title of "Chicago of the East" and having a profound historical background.

First of all, thanks to the substitution of northeast soybean for other oil crops, it has become the most important vegetable oil raw material in Europe. 1907 European traditional oil crops such as olive, coconut and peanut were greatly reduced, and the oil supply was insufficient. This phenomenon has attracted the attention of Japan's Mitsui & Co., Ltd. This year, the company crossed Vladivostok through the Ussuri Railway, and about 4,000 tons of soybeans were exported to Europe from Harbin. This is the first time that northeast soybeans have been exported to Europe on a large scale. Although the oil yield of soybean is not as good as that of olive, coconut, peanut and other vegetable oil raw materials, its price is quite low and it will soon become the most important oil crop in Europe.

In order to promote the import of soybeans, Britain and Germany have adopted the policy of not imposing import duties on soybeans. Since then, soybeans from the northeast of China have been continuously transported to Europe, especially to Germany, accounting for 40% of soybeans exported from the northeast of China and 60% of soybeans shipped to Europe. Prior to this, the Japanese had used northeast bean cakes as the main farm manure, and shipped more than 700,000 tons of soybeans from the northeast every year; Wheat from the Northeast is used for flour milling in Irkutsk, Chita, nicklaus and Stoke, Blavy in Russian Far East and Siberia, and livestock are mostly transported by Harbin. Taking this as a starting point, China and Europe, China and Japan gradually formed the world soybean trade route. And ultimately promoted the prosperity of grain storage and transportation and futures trading along the line.

Secondly, Harbin has always maintained a low tax rate. Harbin has become an international city, not only because of convenient transportation, but also because all countries want to get the food and products in Northeast China to the maximum. On this point, countries have always maintained a tacit understanding, so * * * contributed to the low tax rate in Harbin, which lasted until 1923, when Russian troops completely withdrew from Harbin, and China people recovered the shipping rights of Songhua River, so they could control food prices independently. Harbin imposes extremely low import duties on agricultural products. For example, soybean only receives two-thirds (2%)- three-thirds (3%) tax, and after 19 1 1 year, soybean oil and bean cake will no longer be taxed. By the end of 19 17, the tax rate in Harbin Russian-controlled area has been kept low, and the tax levied by Middle East Railway Bureau on businessmen from various countries in railway subsidiaries is even lower than that in Harbin. On the Songhua River route, the Russians have always maintained a low tax rate, and even China people are not allowed to levy taxes, so that the tax rate along the Songhua River is only maintained at 1.902.

Although this practice promoted the grain export in Northeast China, it made China, as a grain exporter, unable to control the grain price and in the most unfavorable position. In order to compete for the right to speak in grain export trade, successive governments in China (including the puppet Manchukuo) controlled grain trade in the upstream stage. Strictly restrict foreign investors from collecting grain along the Yangtze River; And strictly limit the storage and purchasing of grain, and set up grain futures trading places and grain depots (warehouses) outside Harbin Road; Only domestic "brokers" are allowed to collect grain, and "brokers" all over the country will transport grain outside Harbin Road through Songhua River between sailing and freezing. After the ship stopped, the grain chambers of commerce of various countries negotiated. Finally, the "grain ship" will start from the Songhua River pier outside the highway and sail directly to the stations along the Middle East railway, the lower reaches of Songhua River and the Heilongjiang River, and finally enter the Pacific route through the above-mentioned numerous "seaports" to complete transnational ocean trade.

Finally, with the joint efforts of all countries, Harbin's waterway transportation is very convenient. "After the signing of the Sino-Russian love faint treaty, it is stipulated that Chinese and Russian merchant ships can sail in Heilongjiang, Songhua River and Wusuli River. Before the opening of the Middle East Railway, road construction equipment and goods imported from Russia were mainly transported by water. 1898, the Middle East Railway Company established the Maritime Bureau, mainly to transport railway equipment, and later developed to transport goods by passengers. " This is the basis of establishing waterway route. Since then 19 10-1910/year, soybeans in northeast China have been harvested, and grain merchants from all over the country have gathered in Harbin. German businessmen, Japanese businessmen and British businessmen began to resist snapping up, and even clashed with China, and went directly to the two cities to sell grain. The price of soybeans soared again and again. Operators in Vladivostok (mainly Huaying Commercial Company, Clego Company, Yarchen Company, Mitsui Foreign Firm, Wohimi Platu Company, China-Russia Chamber of Commerce, Russian Flour Company, Sameli Company and vassar Company) are eagerly waiting for the early arrival of Harbin soybeans. As many as 200 trains are shipped from Vladivostok every day, which still cannot meet the needs of grain merchants in various countries. The traditional way of "combined transport by water" can no longer satisfy the Russian appetite, so the Russians began to seek the expansion of water transport. Harbin-Nicolaic Lake "river-sea combined transport" route was also opened during the Russian control of Songhua River shipping.

19 10 "Russia wants to hold the shipping industry on the east coast (Pacific coast) in its hands while operating the Middle East railway. So we bought 10 advanced cargo ships with a gross tonnage of 5,000 tons and an average speed of 15 nautical miles from Shanghai, England, and opened fixed routes between Vladivostok and Dalian, Yokohama and Kobe, and Shanghai and Hong Kong. Shorten the route from Dalian to Vladivostok to 2 days 18 hours, and shorten the voyage from Yokohama to London to 18 days. " At the same time, Russian ships kept going down to Heilongjiang to explore the upper reaches of Songhua River, which finally forced the Qing government to sign the Charter of Navigation Ships in Songhua River and the Charter of Temporary Inspection of Ships and Imported Goods in Songhua River this year, which ensured the docking of the lower reaches of Songhua River with the Heilongjiang waterway from the system.

Shortly after the signing of the new articles of association, Russia's Washout Grain Company and Heihe Rick Cerf Shipping Company ignored the fact that Nikolaus Port had not yet built a granary and the grain could only be dumped on the open space. The water depth near the Heilongjiang estuary is shallow, so it is impossible to accurately determine the fact of installing signs in a regular day. We eagerly dispatched 6 ships and 25 tugboats, carrying 777,200 putt (1 putt is equivalent to 16.085 kg) of soybeans, starting from Harbin and arriving at Nicolaus port, and replacing them with larger tonnage.

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