/kloc-what is the main reason why Europe has become the center of international economy and relations since the 0/9th century?

Recently, for a long time, a mountain of words and a large number of exhibitions have focused on deconstructing "Eurocentrism" and "Oriental Lord". Quot and the so-called "alternative" culture under the western concept, but these are just westernization and European cultural hegemony as their superficial values. In other words, everyone is used to the concept that "North" is attacking "South". More and more people are beginning to admit that Europe is multicultural. Due to the increasing number of immigrants in recent years, the understanding of Europe's gradual diversification seems to be regarded as a step towards cultural diversity and acceptance of cultural differences in Europe.

This movement gave birth to European culture and status, as well as the concept and present situation of European multiculturalism, and it is continuous, constantly constructed and full of motivation. Our view is that cultural status is not given, but produced. Here, cultural diversity can not only be understood as the accumulation and combination of a group of social subjects, but also the cross and overlap between cultures. As Stuart Hall pointed out, a new mixed-race is constantly forming. That kind of judgment or doubt must be limited and revised (not absolute), and it should not be a mask or strategy to cover up the difference of power. "The disappearance of national boundaries" (denationalization), hybridization and multiculturalism should not be another totality containing a new power structure. Therefore, when studying and analyzing this situation, we must also take into account our understanding of cultural diversity and hybridity. In this case, interaction plays an important role.

Undoubtedly, great changes have taken place in world history and human civilization since16th century, and a large part of them have been carried out through several central empires that ruled Europe. As peter eyck pointed out, Europe "projects its shadow and existence to other parts of the world". No matter from the evolving world system or from the historical standards of various empires, today's world and the16th century world are not the same thing in essence. /kloc-In the 6th century, the separated cultures and nations scattered around the world were relatively independent or autonomous to some extent, and were replaced by the rapid expansion of Europe. This transformation "promotes European culture and civilization to a brand-new frame of reference and standard, and becomes a new central point of modern mankind."

The expansion and hegemony of Europe are realized through two interactive processes: one is the geographical space within Europe itself; The other is cultivated outside Europe? Quot Cultural colonization of scattered countries, such as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and North America. The so-called "new world" created by these fragmented countries in Europe finally gained independence from the suzerain in a complicated and unpredictable way. In other words, the nation-state integration of "fragmented countries" inside and outside Europe has surpassed the geographical boundaries and scope of Europe from the beginning.

The key to analyze the dominant position of European culture and politics lies in the interpretation of two colonial peaks in history: the formation of European imperialism and the establishment of diversified colonial economy. The first wave is that settlers acquire new land and colonize, mainly the surplus population in Europe plays a leading role. They conquered the "new" land and settled there. If necessary, those disrespectful natives can be killed at any time. Make room for the flow and transformation of European culture in the new land. The needs of plantation economy and mining imported a large number of people from Asia and Africa in the form of slave trade (such as triangle trade). Corresponding to the first wave, the second wave originated from 19 and the 20th century, which was driven by the expansion of industrial capital, and its main feature was to find raw materials and labor. These two colonial waves with different behaviors in different periods in European history are not exterminating the local people, but different and contradictory new "fragmented" countries, and their cultural and political values are also contradictory. South Africa is a typical embodiment of this dual colonialism: both ancient and modern. More importantly, the exhibition publications show the expansion of Europe in political thought, philosophy and culture under the guidance of European concepts. For example, it is hard for people to understand that in the 18 and 19 centuries, Europeans strongly advocated the ideals of enlightenment and freedom within their own territory, but at the same time they carried out large-scale slave trade and slave behavior outside Europe, but they took it calmly. How do they accept these two different ideas and ideas at the same time? Even when these theories of freedom have evolved into revolutions in some places within themselves, why do they still cling to the lid of these contradictions? The exhibition publications also discussed social and cultural contradictions in Europe. Ironically, most of the nation-states in Europe rose from a few powerful multi-ethnic and multi-racial countries, but they all came from a few powerful multi-ethnic and multi-racial empires, which ruled Europe in 18 and 19 centuries. Anyway, the roots of these ethnic groups are not very deep. Actually, they are a mixture of blood and culture. However, the image of the European nation-state projected on them today, as an artificial structure cast in bloody wars, hides an older system of cultural diversity and existence. Europe itself must be questioned as a geographical whole and historical representation. As Jane Nedwin Pitel said, our focus is "European absorption".

Some recent studies, such as Black Athena by Martin bernal and Eurocentrism by samir amin, are challenging the traditional concept of Greek pure source theory, which has long been accepted as a theorem, and think that the origin of European civilization and culture is not just pure Greek civilization. Pitel thinks that the actual boundary between Europe and non-Europe is much "fuzzy". After all, Europe can actually be understood as a peninsula extending from the huge Asian plate. What is Turkey? What do you think of its relationship with Europe and the Middle East? From the perspective of history, religion and geography, why should we spare no effort to join the EU in recent years? After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, how do we position Central and Eastern Europe in the post-Cold War era?

The ideological power of western hegemony and imperialism makes it easy for us to forget the modernity of Europe. The historical evolution from the Renaissance to today is based on other cultures and civilizations. Edward said believed that modern European civilization had "many ancestors". He pointed out that it takes a long time and great psychological adjustment to understand "the role of anti-colonial culture and anti-imperialist literature in the ideological and social composition of modern Europe". Writers, scholars and political leaders in Africa, the Caribbean and South America are all fighting against the ancient European imperialism. Foucault's definition of "obedient knowledge" exploded in the first-class literature and academic research. Post-colonial writers who wrote "obedient knowledge" challenged the norms in the field of knowledge that had been controlled by western Jewish and Christian traditions. Non-Western writers such as edward said, CLR, James, Franz Fanon and Chinua Achebe became required reading texts for students and scholars in humanities.

It is more enlightening to study the history and sociology of urbanization in the 1930s and 1940s in the West. During the civil war in Europe, many students, writers and artists from Asian, African and Caribbean colonies gathered in Brazil, London, Rome and other European capitals. Are challenging the long-established concepts of modernity and modernity. Their works play a vital role in re-understanding the modern composition of the world. Their literature and works are no longer regarded as just a little reference or insignificant supplement to European and western ideas, but as building ideas. Okwe has provided concrete examples, pointing out that African and Caribbean immigrant writers, poets and artists ask for cultural space from urban culture. Deny inertial reading? Quot Rethink exile, country and citizens on the basis of "the other". Leslie Adelson said in the article "Against the Gap" that the creation of immigrant literature must be discussed in the context of contemporary German culture, and put forward an epistemological uncertainty necessary to position Turkish immigrant writers in German literature itself.

Obviously, in the former Soviet bloc, the concept of east-west polarization still determines and controls the formation of culture for decades. In this regard, the "second world", that is, the former Soviet Union and its socialist countries, is still worth exploring. The second world complicates the confrontation between the original first world and the third world. In fact, Central and Eastern Europe was the source of large-scale migration in the late 19 century and the early 20th century. And the hot spots of war and the change of revolutionary regime that lasted until the end of the 20th century. We witnessed the mass movements and Balkan wars triggered by the disintegration of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia during this period. During this period, in the special historical context, the exile and dislocation of art and literature also received great attention.

Within the "noumenon" of Europe (let's use this word to refer to western Europe for the time being), we will naturally think of the massive human massacre launched by Nazi Germany under its so-called "Aryan is above everything else", which is the darkest peak in Europe. The concept is to launch a large-scale campaign against millions of Jews, Gypsies, producers and other people who are welcomed by the objective existence. The basis and ideological basis of the legalization of organized slaughter. Today, the shadow of Nazi massacre still hangs over Europe, and Nazi ideology still worships and influences the formation of culture. This is particularly prominent in many academic, official or unofficial occasions in the second half of the 20th century.

The Five Battalions, Europe's complex history, large-scale imperial rule and resistance to its hegemony and exploitation, have released a lot of energy in human knowledge, culture and creation. Under the compulsory rule of the empire, this kind of understanding usually comes from the fierce confrontation between groups, different historical backgrounds and historical views and painful social reality. Although this process of seeking knowledge is unilateral, subjective and quite unfair, this pursuit of knowledge itself must be understood as the development center of human humanistic society in history. On the other hand, the resistance to imperialist rule has released a lot of creativity expressed by human creation, which has influenced many aspects of today's artistic behavior on a global scale. For example, the dialectical understanding and interpretation of cultural diversity is the essence of artistic behavior of many contemporary artists around the world. The blurring of geographical and cultural boundaries is becoming more and more obvious. This debate is becoming more and more important and fashionable. This is not only the result of displacement, but also the result of efficient capital flow promoting the development of communication and information technology.

In recent years, Fiona Hall, an Australian artist, has been discussing the influence of European colonialism and the establishment of a world economic and cultural system through the classification and transfer of plants and species. Hall's research shows that the global organization system of post-Kullettism (Swedish botanist, the founder of modern botany and zoology) not only plays an internal role in the development of European knowledge structure, but also makes Europe gain wealth outside Europe with economic and commercial interests, including the establishment of plantation economy.

Artist Coco fusco's video equipment accuses immigrants of their influence on Catalonia's cultural status and status. Through this work, foreign residents have injected vitality into the whole society, and their strategy of integrating into the local society has also changed the nationalities of both sides. In this work, Coco fusco invited several people to sing the Catalan national anthem. Some of them lived in Catalonia, but they were not Catalans. Singing the national anthem is now the duty of middle schools in this area. Everyone sings without accompanying music, each by memory.

The works of artist Yinka Shonibare have a strong sense of wisdom and beauty. They reveal the colonial way of life. They even joke about the sacred objects of African aborigines. The "African" fabric used in the work is actually imported from Europe, Indonesia or other places in the Far East. The work "Swing" shows the most luxurious rococo art in Europe in a comic way. The women in the works wear African clothes and are used by Europeans.