The definition of Hakka dialect

Hakka (English: Hakka, Hakka: Hak-k? -ng？ , Hakka pinyin: Hag5-ga 1-ngi 1), referred to as Hakka (Hak-ng? ), also known as Hakka dialect and Hakka dialect in informal occasions (but Hakka dialect is different from Hakka dialect in some occasions and regions), and also known as Ya dialect (namely Ya dialect), Ya dialect and Tu Cantonese (Cantonese) in some places, which is a kind of tonal language (or Chinese dialect) in Sino-Tibetan language family. Linguists still have some arguments about whether Hakka dialect should be classified as a dialect or a language. Outside China, scholars generally believe that it is a language of the Chinese language family under the Sino-Tibetan language family; In China, it is regarded as one of the seven dialects of Chinese (Mandarin, Hakka, Cantonese, Gan, Xiang, Wu and Min). This language has a long history and is generally believed to have taken shape in the Southern Song Dynasty. It was not until the 20th century that it was officially named Hakka dialect.

Hakka dialect is the mother tongue of Han Hakkas (including Hakkas in eastern Guangdong, Dongjiang water sources, Cantonese in western Guangdong and southern Guangxi, and Cantonese in Sichuan), which is widely distributed in the southeast coast of China, southern and western provinces, northern Hong Kong New Territories, Taiwan Province Province and overseas Hakka immigrant areas (such as Mauritius, Indonesia, Malaysia, etc.). )。 However, due to the lack of large-scale popular culture, the popularity of Hakka in northern China is far less than that of Cantonese and Minnan.

Language code:

ISO 639- 1 zh

O 639-2 pool (B) zho(T)

10639-3Some Hakkas believe that Hakkas first moved from the north to South China with the tide of immigrants during several wars and riots in ancient times. Their ancestors migrated from today's Henan Province and Shanxi Province, and at the same time brought the characteristics of the local language. The ancestors of Hakkas were originally Han Chinese in the Central Plains. However, many ancient Chinese phonetic features still used in modern Hakka dialects, including the suffix [-p][-t][-k] that can also be found in other southern dialects (languages), have disappeared in some northern dialects.

Due to the migration of Hakka people, Hakka dialect will be influenced by the local dialect of Hakka ancestors. For example, many * * words can be found in Hakka, Minnan and Cantonese. For example, the word "take care of cows" in Weitou dialect (Cantonese) of the indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories in Hong Kong is the same as the word "zong Niu" in Hakka dialect. According to some data, Hakka is considered to be one of the fastest declining languages on earth.

The current situation of Hakkas in Chinese mainland is not optimistic. In Chinese mainland, due to the increase of cultural and economic exchanges in various regions, people widely use Putonghua, while Hakka dialect is generally not used in traditional Hakka areas. The younger generation has received Putonghua education since childhood. At the same time, due to the popularity of TV media, Hakka dialect is rarely used in news media and mass entertainment. By the beginning of 2 1 century, the younger generation of Hakka people had rarely used Hakka dialect. At present, the traditional Hakka nursery rhymes circulated orally are rarely sung completely. On the other hand, Hakka dialect in the Pearl River Delta region, in the form of "dialect island", is influenced by both Putonghua and relatively strong Cantonese, and some Hakka family life words turn to Putonghua or Cantonese.

In Taiwan Province Province, the proportion of Minnan immigrants is overwhelming. In addition to the national language, Minnan has become one of the strong languages in Taiwan Province Province. Due to the influence of mass media, even Hakka people who usually communicate in Hakka dialect can know a little about Minnan dialect. In some areas, Hakkas collectively switched to Minnan, becoming Fulaoke, and many Hakkas switched to Putonghua. A survey in 2004 showed that 30% of young Hakkas under the age of 30 can understand Hakka dialect, but only 1% can use it fluently. In terms of family language, about 60% of people under 30 use Mandarin, 20% use Taiwanese Minnan, and less than 10% use Taiwan Province Hakka.

In Hong Kong, after the economic take-off in the 1970s, Hakka basically disappeared from the media and public places, so that people mistakenly thought that Hakka never existed in Hong Kong.

There are many Hakkas among overseas Chinese, such as Malaysia. Except Sabah, many Hakkas can't speak Hakka any more. Even Chinese who can speak Hakka may be influenced by local culture and language. Because Cantonese culture (especially Hong Kong dramas) is popular in Malaysia, their Cantonese ability may be higher than Hakka. In a word, with the economic globalization, the communication between Hakka and other ethnic groups is getting closer and closer, and the spread and inheritance of Hakka dialect in overseas Hakka communities is facing a crisis. Taiwan Province Province In the late 20th century, residents in Taiwan Province Province gradually realized the importance of protecting their mother tongue, and Hakkas were no exception. The "government" (the authorities of Taiwan Province Province) set up a special organization "Hakka Committee of the Executive Yuan", formulated the basic law of Hakka, promoted the teaching of Hakka in Taiwan Province in schools, set up Hakka TV station (established in 2003) and Hakka radio station, held Hakka certification, and legislated that public transport such as trains and MRT should provide Hakka broadcasting services. Mainland China is relatively late. 2/kloc-0 At the beginning of the 20th century, Chinese mainland Hakkas had a certain awareness of their mother tongue, and the awareness of protecting their mother tongue began to awaken. Hakkas began to strive for the Hakka living space of public resources.

The Hakka programs of TV stations in Hakka areas in Chinese mainland have gradually increased from scratch, such as Meizhou TV Channel 2 (with more Hakka programs), Huizhou TV Station (the former rural world (Hakka version)), Hezhou TV Station, Longyan TV Station's Hakka customs program, Heyuan TV Station's Hakka people's livelihood line and so on. However, the Regulations on the Administration of Radio and Television, which came into effect on 1 September, 19971day, clearly stipulates that radio stations and television stations should promote Putonghua, which is commonly used throughout the country. Although the Regulations do not prohibit dialect programs, the dialect programs of radio and television stations are greatly restricted. The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARFT) has repeatedly issued a document to restrict dialect programs (except for a few dialects such as Cantonese). In this context, the Hakka programs of mainland radio and TV stations can't get a broad living space. Around September 20 13, in Weibo, Baidu Post Bar and other places, Hakkas, including Yingde locals, asked Yingde TV and radio stations to offer Hakka programs (even if there was only one), which caused heated discussion and was eventually rejected by relevant departments.

In areas where Hakka people live in compact communities, Hakka dialect is rarely used in bus stop reporting language (except for some bus lines in a few areas such as Ganzhou), and the general public has the need to open Hakka stop reporting service. Shenzhen Metro chose Putonghua, Cantonese and English to report stations, but did not choose Hakka, Guan Bao Cantonese and other Shenzhen dialects, which also caused great controversy, but the relevant disputes did not receive a formal response from relevant departments. At the end of 20 12, when some bus lines in Heyuan city were upgraded, it was "habitual" to choose bilingual stop reporting, which caused controversy. Finally, the relevant departments adopted bilingual bus stops.

international organizations

1September 29th, 978 to 101October 2nd, the 4th annual meeting of sincere relatives was held in the Queen Hotel, San Francisco, USA. The conference was hosted by the Chongzhen Association in San Francisco, USA, and 820 representatives from 25 guest groups from all over the world attended. The meeting decided: "In order to maintain the traditional language accent of Hakka people, all Hakkas will speak in Hakka dialect in the future."

Popular music and micro-movies based on Hakka dialect have developed with the improvement of Hakka people's awareness of protecting their mother tongue. Because Taiwan Province Province is the most diligent in protecting Hakka language, the popular culture of Hakka language represented by Hakka pop music is also the most remarkable in Taiwan Province Province.

Taiwan Golden Melody Awards include awards for Hakka pop music to encourage and affirm Hakka pop culture. In 20 14, Hakka pop music entered the list of golden songs in China, which promoted the development of Hakka music.