Two reform stories of Shang Yang

First, the content of the first political reform:

1. Organize private households: reorganize household registration, with five households as partners and ten households as partners, so as to collect taxes. Every family in the fifteen miles picketed each other. If one family breaks the law, the other family must report it. If they don't report, they will be severely punished (sitting together) and the whistleblower will be awarded the rank. And reorganize the household registration, so that civilians under the control of the Lord will become the people of the monarch from now on.

2. Strengthen the labor force and limit patriarchy: All men must separate their families and stand on their own feet when they reach a certain age, otherwise they will have to pay double taxes. The purpose of setting up a separate door is to strengthen self-discipline in production to avoid interdependence and uneven work and rest. After separation, it is a great favor to take care of each other's lives, such as the son borrowing his father's farm tools and the daughter-in-law can blame her mother-in-law at any time. Its purpose is to limit the patriarchy in the family system and make the monarch's position in the people's minds more detached.

3. Reward military service: those who have made military service will be rewarded according to their work; Private fighters were punished according to their crimes. And formulate military titles, which are divided into 20 grades, one to eight grades are literary titles, and nine grades or above are official titles, among which ten to eighteen grades are ordinary officers, nineteenth and twentieth grades are princes, and there is no food city before the twentieth grade. The people won the title of meritorious service (beheading the enemy at the first level in the war; A title), after being knighted, you can enjoy various preferential treatments to encourage Qin people to be brave (the twentieth title: male scholar, Shang Zao, Yao Ma Dao, Bu Geng, doctor, official doctor, public doctor, Gongcheng, Wudufu, Zuo Shu Chang, You Shu Chang, Zuo Geng, Zhong Geng, You Geng, Shao Shang Zao, Liang Zao, \ \

4. Worship this and restrain the end (emphasizing agriculture and restraining business): Appreciate farming and weaving, and produce more millet and silks. Those who exceed the output of ordinary people are exempt from corvee. Businessmen and vagrants, together with their wives and daughters, are not government slaves. Shang Yang's policy of restraining the end was intended to prevent merchants from annexing land, so that Qin people could concentrate on farming and textile and seek wealth in the war. At the same time, letting the monarch monopolize industry and commerce can also enhance national strength. In addition, literary tourists, belonging to the last industry, are not allowed to enter Qin. Qin is rich and powerful, but its culture is not as good as that of the East, which is also a reason. Legalists generally represent the interests of businessmen, and Shang Yang's repression is a special measure of Qin State.

5. Change the Lord to the landlord: all the royal families (lords) who refuse to perform military service will abolish the title and rank first according to the new military service regulations, and each will occupy the courtiers (slaves) in the farmland according to their grades. As a result, many lords without military merit lost their privileges and became rich people. As for the imperial clan with meritorious military service, the Supreme Jue is only the Marquis (19th, 20th, etc. ), and the marquis only collects the rent of the food city, does not directly manage the civil affairs, and loses the original privilege. From then on, the Qin state of the Lord system became the Qin state of the landlord system. Shang Yang's policy has achieved centralization and made the country more unified, but this policy is bound to be resisted by vested interests (lords) headed by Prince Qin, with thousands of opponents. For example, "Historical Records and Biography of Shang Jun" said: "Shang Jun entered the Qin Dynasty for ten years, and the imperial clan was rich and resentful." Shang Yang said: "The law won't work, because the nobles broke the law, so we should start with the prince. But because the prince was the heir to the throne, it was inconvenient to punish him, so he hanged his teachers, Gongzi Qian and Gongsun Jia (Lord). The new law was completely barrier-free the next day, but Shang Yang also planted a fatal disaster.

6. Severe punishment and strict law: Legalists' political opinions are based on severe punishment and strict law, and meritorious deeds will be rewarded and guilty will be punished. Shang Yang took credit as the principle, so that Qin people knew what they were defending and the domestic order was orderly.

Second, the second reform content:

In 350 BC, Qin Zi moved the capital to Xianyang forever, built a palace and issued a decree. At this time, Shang Yang implemented the second economic reform.

1. the county system is implemented: all small capitals and towns are merged, and large counties are settled, with 4/kloc-0 counties in the country. Each county has its own county order, and the county order and county commandant are in charge of county administration, which further eliminates the residual influence of local lords. This policy puts local power in the hands of the king of Qin, which accords with the trend of centralization.

2. Open up territory: Shang Yang recognizes everyone's ownership of newly-built land and sets taxes according to the land area occupied by everyone. The so-called "money" is the north-south road in the field, and "Mo" is the east-west road. During the Warring States period, infantry and cavalry were used in the war, and chariots were rarely used. Therefore, there is no need to leave roads for vehicles in the fields. The architecture of the eastern countries has long been opened up as a field, and Shang Yang opened it up as a means to identify with the culture of the Central Plains, in addition to increasing the cultivated land area.

3. Draw a foot to become a custom: Shang Yang draws a bucket, a bucket, power, scale, ruler, ruler. So that the national trade in goods has a unified system of weights and measures. In addition, because Qin is a distant country, there are many customs of Rong Di, and the countries in the Central Plains are largely "inferior to Qin". So Shang Yang got rid of the old customs of Emperor Rong, such as forbidding father and son to share the same room. These two policies have brought Qin, which is relatively backward in economy and culture, closer to the eastern countries.

4. Induce the people of Sanjin to farm in Qin with real national strength: Qin has a vast territory and a vast population, while the adjacent Sanjin has a small land, and Shang Yang understands that "people want houses in a big place." "("Shang Junshu? In order to attract people "), he rewarded people from neighboring countries to farm in Qin, and Shang Yang gave these immigrants and families exemption from military service and engaged in a kind of specialized farming. In this way, these immigrants are responsible for the production of Qin, and Qin people can participate in military service and take turns to play, and there is still room for strength. This policy is of great significance, making Qin eat and drink enough and winning the war.

After Shang Yang's two political reforms, many disadvantages of Qin State, such as patriarchal clan system and feudal lords system, were eliminated, and Qin State became an advanced, prosperous and unified country, which laid the foundation for the elimination of the six Shandong countries in the future. However, after Xiao Gong's death, Prince Hui Wang acceded to the throne and divided the car to kill the family; But Shang Yang's new laws are basically the same, which proves that although Hui Wang hates Shang Yang, he still has to admit the success of his reform.