How did Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty defeat the King of Huainan?

BC 179 to BC 122.

Liu An (BC 179- BC 122) is the grandson of Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, and the son of Wang Changlu, a native of Huainan. In the eighth year of Emperor Wendi (BC 172), Liu Chang was deposed from the throne and died of hunger strike during his journey. In the 16th year of Emperor Wendi (BC 164), Emperor Wendi divided the original Huainan State into three letters and gave them to the Liu An brothers. Liu An was named the eldest son of Huainan Wang at the age of sixteen.

Liu Anhao likes reading drums and playing the piano. He doesn't like riding hounds and horses. He devoted himself to governing the country and keeping the country safe, writing books and saying things. Liu An loves Xian, is a corporal of courtesy Xian, and Shouchun, the capital of Huainan, has become a cultural center where scholars gather. Liu An and other officials wrote Huainan Zi (also known as Huainan Lie Hong). Huainanzi has an inner chapter of 2 1 and an outer chapter of 33, with more than 220,000 words in Tao Xun. He also wrote 82 poems, 44 poems by princes, 4 poems by Huainan, and 19 volumes of Huainan miscellaneous stars and 10,000 books by Huainan. It covers political science, philosophy, ethics, history, literature, economics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, geography, agricultural water conservancy, medical health and other fields. These works embody Taoist thought. There is a record in Huainan Wanbi Book that "Zeng Qing changed iron into copper". According to textual research, "Zeng Qing" refers to copper compounds, and some scientists think it is patina, and there are different opinions.

Huang Bai, Liu An's good skill, called Jianghu Taoists, Confucian scholars, practitioners, alchemists and alchemists. The most famous ones are Su Fei, Li Shang, Tian You, Baylor, Wu Bei, Jinchang, Maobei and Zuo Wu, who are known as "Bagong". They built an alchemy furnace in the north of Shouchun Mountain and occasionally made tofu. Liu An was honored as the originator of tofu, hence the name Bagong Mountain.

Liu An's thought of governing the country is "governing by doing nothing", which improves the Taoist thought, does not follow the first law and the old rules, and follows the laws of nature to formulate a series of policies to encourage production with light punishment, make good use of talents, and show compassion for the people, thus making Huainan a scene of peace and prosperity.

Although Liu An's policy of governing the country was supported by the people, in that era when Confucianism dominated, his Taoist thoughts were repeatedly vilified. In the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 122), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to Huainan on the charge of Liu An's "marrying guests, obeying people and rebelling", and Liu An was forced to commit suicide.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty greatly appreciated Liu An's talent, but his ruling thought of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and worshiping Confucianism alone" was completely different from the Taoist theory of "governing by doing nothing" advocated by Liu An, and the death of his father Liu Chang became a "dead knot" in Liu An's mind. Therefore, while holding "academic discussions" extensively, Liu An is constantly accumulating strength to prepare for the rebellion one day.

However, like his father, Liu An's rebellion has not been implemented, and it has come to an end because of the complaint of Baylor, a public guest, and the informer of Wu Bei and his grandson Liu Jian.

Among the thousands of visitors recruited in Lu 'an, eight are the most talented. They are Su Fei, Li Shang, Zuo Wu, Chen You, Wu Bei, Mao Zhou, Baylor and Jinchang. These eight people are called "Eight Heroes" of Huainan royal family. Among them, Baylor is a swordsman with exquisite fencing. In the battle for Huainan's money, he accidentally hit it and angered the prince. Later, he was forced to stay in Huainan. Baylor then asked Liu An to follow the general Wei Qing to fight the Huns. Unexpectedly, hearing this, Liu An thought that Ray had been betrayed and fired. Lei, who bears a grudge, simply escaped from Huainan and went to Chang 'an to sue Liu. According to the Han law, anyone who interferes with the implementation of the emperor's imperial edict should be sentenced to death by abandoning the city. At this time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who was busy "cutting the vassal", had heard something about Liu An's actions, so it happened at the right moment. Emperor Wu took the opportunity to put on a show and deprived Liu An of his fief.

Wu Bei, another public figure in "Bagong", tried to dissuade him many times when he learned that Huai nun Tzu was going to rebel, but Liu An not only refused to listen, but always refuted it with the successful examples of Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising in the late Qin Dynasty. Seeing that his suggestion could not be adopted, Wu also decided to go back and report the rebellion in Liu An to the court.

As the saying goes, "It never rains but it pours", just at the critical moment of Liu An's life and death, his grandson Liu Jian jumped out again and "stabbed" his grandfather in the heart. Liu Jian's father, Liu Buhai, because he was an unmarried woman, was seldom loved by Liu An, and had long complained. At this time, his "brainless" son Liu Jian even went to Chang' an to report the case. Liu Jian's original purpose was to frame money and make his father the heir of the king of Huainan. It's just that he didn't expect that this situation just sent his grandfather to the grave.

As a result, Lei was sued first, Wu was sued later, and Liu Jian was sued later, so Emperor Wu sent a famous cruel official Zhang Tang to handle the case. As a result, Liu An's rebellion was true. BC 122 (the first year of the founding of Emperor Hanyuan), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to Huainan on charges of Liu An's "renegade, obedient and rebellious generals". From Liu An's home, we found the instruments of attack and war, forged jade seals and gold seals used for rebellion. Liu An, who knew his crime was unforgivable, was forced to commit suicide, and Liu Ci, the king of Hengshan, who colluded with him, was also forced to commit suicide.

Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, had eight sons, and Liu An's father Chang Lu was his youngest son. In 202 BC, after Xiang Yu, the overlord of the Western Chu Dynasty, was defeated, Liu Bang was persuaded by Chu kings such as Han Xin, Han Wangxin, Huainan Ying Bu, Liang Pengyue, Hengshan Wu Rui, Zhao Zhang 'ao and Zang Fei, and changed from "Hanwang" to "Emperor" of the Han Dynasty, completing the historic transformation from Qin to Han. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, the contradiction between the central government and the governors in the Western Han Dynasty quickly surfaced, and the governors rose up and rebelled. In July 196 BC, Ying Bu, king of Huainan, led an army to crusade against Korea, and Liu Bang, an old and frail man, led an army to crusade against Korea, and finally defeated Ying Bu. Since then, in a series of counter-insurgency wars against princes, Liu Bang has learned a "lesson"-the key reason why princes betray the central government is that they are not surnamed Liu. Therefore, Liu Bang began to enfeoffment his ministers to Liu's imperial clan children. By the time he died in BC 195, Liu's nine children had all been made princes, of whom "took over" Ying Bu's "Ban" and was made king of Huainan by his father. There are four counties in Huainan: Jiujiang, Hengshan, Lujiang and Zhang Yu, with Shouchun as its capital, which is today's Shouxian County.

However, the later historical development shows that this "experience and lesson" summarized by Liu Bang is really ridiculous. And Liu personally canonized the children of the prince, and soon embarked on the old road of Ying Bu and other courting princes with full wings and expanding power. They not only "cross states and counties, but also have dozens of cities, and all officials in the palace share the same capital", and even openly compete with the court. Not long after Wendi ascended the throne, Liu Xingju, king of Jibei, sent troops to rebel. In BC 174, Liu Chang, the king of Huainan, who was regarded as a brotherly gift by China Emperor Liu Heng, also rebelled.

Liu Chang's biological mother, Evonne, was originally a concubine of Zhang Ao in Wang Zhao. When Liu Bang attacked the State of Qin and passed through the State of Zhao, he gave it to Liu Bang and became pregnant after having sex with Liu Bang. Later, Zhang Ao rebelled and was arrested for his involvement. After giving birth to Liu Chang, she committed suicide. In this context, Liu Chang has developed abnormal psychology since childhood. After being the king of Huainan, he developed this abnormal psychology to the extreme and was always arrogant. By the time Emperor Wen arrived, most of Liu Bang's sons had died, leaving only Emperor Wen and Liu Chang. Therefore, Liu Chang was arrogant and ignored all kinds of laws and regulations of the imperial court. For example, because he resented Minister Bi Yanghou for not defending his biological mother Evonne, he even killed Bi Yanghou with an iron cone hidden in his sleeve. Liu Chang not only did not use China laws in Huainan, but also personally appointed officials at all levels. The small country of Huainan became a "paradise" that was not ruled by the Han Dynasty.

BC 174, secretly sent people to collude with Qi Wang and others, and planned to unite Fujian, Vietnam and Xiongnu to revolt. Obviously, it is not easy for a "dude" like Chang Lu to achieve something great. His plot was soon discovered by the court, and he himself was arrested in the capital. Out of brotherhood, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty did not punish Liu Changji according to law, but exiled him to Shu County. Liu Chang died of hunger strike on the way to be sent. He is only 25 years old. After his death, he was named Wang Li of Huainan. After Liu Chang's death, Huainan was abolished and put under the central management.

Two years later, Wendi remembered his younger brother Liu Chang who committed suicide. The more he thought about it, the more incredible he felt, so he ordered Liu Chang's four sons, who were only seven or eight years old, to be sealed. In 164 BC, Emperor Wen of Han issued an imperial edict to divide the original Huainan kingdom into three parts (Huainan, Hengshan and Lujiang) and enfeoffment them to his three sons, among whom Liu An, the eldest son, inherited his father's title and became the king of Huainan.

The curse of "fast knot"

I hope Liu An, who suffered from the loss of his father at an early age, can be loyal to the Han Dynasty, obviously daydreaming. In fact, Liu An's life has been spent in frequent dissatisfaction, resentment and disloyalty with the imperial court.

Liu An is different from his arrogant father. He likes to make friends with guests. When he was king of Huainan, he recruited thousands of guests and warlocks at most. These guests not only give lectures on alchemy in Wangmi, Huainan, but also often discuss political, academic, life and other issues with him. Liu An is also different from ordinary royal children. He didn't like riding and hunting very much since he was a child, but he loved reading, learning arts and playing the piano, especially Huang Lao's Daoism. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Liu An had become a well-known scholar in China and enjoyed a high reputation among the governors. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appreciated this talented uncle very much, and once called him to Chang 'an to write Biography of Li Sao. It is said that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued an imperial edict early in the morning, and Liu An wrote the Biography of Li Sao at noon. After seeing it, Emperor Wudi praised it again and again.

However, although Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appreciated Liu An's talent, his ruling thought of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" was completely different from the Taoist theory of "governing by doing nothing" advocated by Liu An, and the death of his father Liu Changzhi became a "dead knot" in Liu An's mind. Therefore, while holding "academic discussions" extensively, Liu An is constantly accumulating strength to prepare for the rebellion one day.

However, like his father, Liu An's rebellion has not been implemented, and it has come to an end because of the complaint of Baylor, a public guest, and the informer of Wu Bei and his grandson Liu Jian.

Among the thousands of visitors recruited in Lu 'an, eight are the most talented. They are Su Fei, Li Shang, Zuo Wu, Chen You, Wu Bei, Mao Zhou, Baylor and Jinchang. These eight people are called "Eight Heroes" of Huainan royal family. Among them, Baylor is a swordsman with exquisite fencing. In the battle for Huainan's money, he accidentally hit it and angered the prince. Later, he was forced to stay in Huainan. Baylor then asked Liu An to follow the general Wei Qing to fight the Huns. Unexpectedly, hearing this, Liu An thought that Ray had been betrayed and fired. Lei, who bears a grudge, simply escaped from Huainan and went to Chang 'an to sue Liu. According to the Han law, anyone who interferes with the implementation of the emperor's imperial edict should be sentenced to death by abandoning the city. At this time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who was busy "cutting the vassal", had heard something about Liu An's actions, so it happened at the right moment. Emperor Wu took the opportunity to put on a show and deprived Liu An of his fief.

Wu Bei, another public figure in "Bagong", tried to dissuade him many times when he learned that Huai nun Tzu was going to rebel, but Liu An not only refused to listen, but always refuted it with the successful examples of Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising in the late Qin Dynasty. Seeing that his suggestion could not be adopted, Wu also decided to go back and report the rebellion in Liu An to the court.

As the saying goes, "It never rains but it pours", just at the critical moment of Liu An's life and death, his grandson Liu Jian jumped out again and "stabbed" his grandfather in the heart. Liu Jian's father, Liu Buhai, because he was an unmarried woman, was seldom loved by Liu An, and he had long complained. At this time, his "brainless" son Liu Jian even went to Chang' an to report the case. Liu Jian's original purpose was to frame money and make his father the heir of the king of Huainan. It's just that he didn't expect that this situation just sent his grandfather to the grave.

As a result, Lei was sued first, Wu was sued later, and Liu Jian was sued later, so Emperor Wu sent a famous cruel official Zhang Tang to handle the case. As a result, Liu An's rebellion was true. BC 122 (the first year of the founding of Emperor Hanyuan), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to Huainan on charges of Liu An's "renegade, obedient and rebellious generals". From Liu An's home, we found the instruments of attack and war, forged jade seals and gold seals used for rebellion. Liu An, who knew his crime was unforgivable, was forced to commit suicide, and Liu Ci, the king of Hengshan, who colluded with him, was also forced to commit suicide.

Liu Che (BC 156 ~ 87)

The sixth emperor of the Han Dynasty. Jingdizi, sixteen, became emperor. Fifty-four years in office, the temple number Sejong.

When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, the Han Dynasty had already recuperated in the early 1960s and 1970s, the dilapidated and depressed social economy was gradually restored and developed, and the wealth accumulated by the landlord class and feudal countries increased greatly. At the same time, due to the suppression of the rebellion between the Seven Kingdoms and Chu, the power of the princes with the same surname was greatly weakened. Under such historical conditions, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty carried out various activities to consolidate the unified feudal country and strengthen the centralization of absolutism.

In the second year of yuanshuo (BC 127), Emperor Wu adopted the advice of Zhu Fuyan, sent a letter of favor to the vassal king to enfeoffment his children. As a result, many Hou Yaozong countries broke away from the kingdom and changed to counties. Subsequently, due to the rebellion of Liu An, the king of Huainan, and Liu Ci, the king of Hengshan, the left official law and the attached benefit law were formulated, which severely punished the criminal officials who were vassals, prohibited courtiers from attaching themselves to vassals, and restricted vassals from cronyism. Governors only get food, clothing and taxes, and are not allowed to participate in politics. In the fifth year of Ding Yuan (former 1 12), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty demanded a title of 106 on the pretext that the gilded gold presented by the marquis was not enough in weight and color. After this series of blows, the power of princes and princes declined day by day. In order to strengthen the imperial power, Liang Wudi appointed eight commanders in the northern army, and set up Menmen and Yulin Army, which greatly strengthened the central standing army (see "Northern and Southern Army"). While reducing the power of the prime minister, he accepted talents in an eclectic way and promoted many scholars with good literary or writing skills to serve and give things and let them participate in the decision-making of state affairs. In addition, the counties outside the seven counties of both capital city are divided into thirteen counties, and each county sends a secretariat to ask questions according to six articles and inspect the official management. In addition, a number of brutal officials were appointed to crack down on lawless strongmen in various places in order to maintain the feudal ruling order.

Soon after Emperor Wu ascended the throne, he began to prepare for a large-scale military attack on the Huns. In the second year of Yuanshuo, Wei Qing was ordered to lead a great army out of the cloud to defeat the Loufan King and the Aries King of Xiongnu and recover Henan (now Hetao area in Inner Mongolia). In the Han Dynasty, Shuofang County and Wuyuan County were established, and 100,000 immigrants from the mainland settled here. In the spring of the second year of Yuanshou (before 12 1), Huo Qubing led the troops out of Longxi and crossed Yanqi Mountain, and was named the Xiongnu King of Soil Cultivation. In the summer of the same year, he crossed Yanze and attacked Qilian Mountain. The evil king of Xiongnu led troops to surrender to Han, and the Han government successively set up four counties in Hexi area: Wuwei, Jiuquan, Zhangye and Dunhuang. In the fourth year of Yuanshou, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing divided their forces into Dingxiang and Dai Jun, and pursued Xiongnu to Yanshan and Hanhai. After these attacks by the Han army, the Huns were forced to migrate to Mobei, and then they were unable to carry out serious harassment. In order to launch an offensive against the Huns, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions to contact the Dayue people. Although this trip did not achieve the expected purpose, it communicated the frequent exchanges between the Han nationality and all ethnic groups in the western regions.

For the minority regimes in Fujian and South Vietnam, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used their internal contradictions to conquer and put them under the direct jurisdiction of the Han government. Established Nanhai, Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu, Yuer, Zhu Ya, Jiaotou, Rinan and Jiuzhen counties in South Vietnam. At the same time, Emperor Wudi sent Tang Meng and Sima Xiangru to the southwest to persuade Yelang and Qiong to join the Han Dynasty. Later, he sent troops to capture Galand and Yunnan, and the southwest area became a county of Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also killed a captain in the east of Liaodong of Han Dynasty because of the attack on the right canal in Wang Wei, North Korea, and sent troops to invade North Korea by land and sea. Wei Youqu was killed by his minister. The Han government established Fan Zhen, Lintun, Le Lang and Xuantu counties in the area ruled by Wei.

Due to the use of troops against all ethnic groups in the border areas, a lot of financial and material resources were spent, and the Han government's lavish resettlement of refugees and Emperor Wudi's personal spending required huge expenses, which made the long-term accumulated wealth of feudal countries tend to dry up and the financial crisis occurred. Many wealthy businessmen, dajia, hoarded while the country was in trouble, and profiteers were rampant. In addition to selling military titles, supporting the people and attaching slaves, and worshiping officials to increase income, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also employed Sang Hongyang, who was born in a big salt and iron merchant's family in Dongguo, to implement economic control measures such as salt and iron official camp, loss sharing and legal currency official casting, which greatly enriched the national treasury's income and significantly improved its financial situation. In order to crack down on merchants who accumulate goods for profit, a calculation prosecution order was also issued. In the process of implementation, many middle-class businessmen and usurers were accused of committing crimes and even going bankrupt.

In the early years of Liang Wudi, the Yellow River burst in Zanzi, and the Huaisi area was devastated year after year. In the second year of Yuanfeng (109), Liang Wudi made an east tour, dispatched tens of thousands of people to rule the river, and personally went to the site to supervise. After its completion, the Yellow River is no longer a scourge for decades. Due to the attention of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, water conservancy in various places has also developed greatly. Famous water conservancy projects in Guanzhong area, such as Caoqu, Longshou, Liu Fu and Baiqu, have played an important role in promoting agricultural production.

In the field of ideology and culture, Emperor Wudi respected Confucianism alone, ousted hundreds of schools, and was fascinated by the ritual system advocated by Confucianism, such as correcting the new moon, changing colors, closing the door to Zen, worshiping in the suburbs, and patrolling hunting. Emperor China had a title, which began with Emperor Wu. He also accepted Dong Zhongshu's and Gong's suggestions, set up imperial academy and set up doctoral students, which promoted counties and counties, trained and promoted a large number of Confucian scholars as officials at all levels, and expanded the social foundation of feudal rule. However, the ministers he really valued and relied on were mostly people who were familiar with Confucianism and criminal law. Ji An, who believed in the theory of Huang Lao, once exposed him to his face and said, "Your Majesty wants to do righteousness outside, but why can't Tang Yu!" Emperor Wu was angry, but he was helpless, because Ji An was telling the truth.

In his later years, due to sharp class contradictions, peasant uprisings broke out in many parts of the country, ranging from thousands of people to hundreds of people. Uprising peasants attacked cities everywhere, seized weapons, released prisoners and executed officials. Emperor Wu sent brutal officials to suppress it, but to no avail. In the second year of Zheng He (9 1), another example was the witchcraft incident that led to the armed rebellion in Wang Wei. Rebels and government troops fought fiercely in Chang 'an for many days, and tens of thousands of people died. Prince Wei committed suicide after the defeat. The following year, the army that expeditioned the Huns was almost wiped out. This series of blows made the old emperor Wu deeply regret wasting his past manpower and money. When Sang Hongyang offered to raise people and settle the fields, he refused, saying that he would not bother the world any more. In the second year of Yuan Dynasty (87 BC), Emperor Wu died of illness. On his deathbed, Liu Fuling, an eight-year-old son, was made a prince, and Huo Guang, Shangguan Jie and Sang Hongyang were posthumously given as assistants. Liu Fuling acceded to the throne and became the emperor of Zhao Di.