The Historical Evolution of Dubrovnik

Historical research shows that ragusa Republic was founded on a rocky island named Laus in the 7th century, providing shelter for Dalmatian refugees from the neighboring city Epidorus. The Romans and Dalmatians who originally established the city fled after the Slavs invaded. Another recent theory is based on new archaeological discoveries. Contrary to traditional theory, the objects found in a Byzantine church have been part of the city wall since the 8th century. The scale of Byzantine churches clearly shows that there was a considerable wave of immigrants at that time, and more and more scientific groups supported this theory-ragusa's city-building began in BC, and more and more ancient Greek pottery unearthed in Dubrovnik recently strongly supported this Greek city-building theory. Similarly, natural sand was found under the main roads of the city, which refuted it.

Dr. Anton Nicetic in his History of Dubrovnik Port (Croatian: Povijest dubrova? Ke luke) introduced in detail how Dubrovnik was founded by Greek sailors. A key factor in this theory is that ships of that era could sail 45-50 nautical miles every day, and they needed to dock at beaches and coasts and scoop out the water in the boat for the rest of the night. The ideal habitat needs clean water nearby, both of which are in Dubrovnik, and it is located at the midpoint of the distance between two known ancient Greek settlements Budva and Korchula (the distance between the two places is 95 nautical miles).

After the demise of the Eastern Gothic Kingdom, the city was under the protection of the Eastern Roman Empire, although at this time it was actually an independent city-state and actively interacted with the surrounding Serbian coastal cities. After the Crusade, the city was ruled by Venice in 1205- 1358. At that time, Venice had established its own ruling institutions in all Dalmatian cities. 1358 In the zadar Peace Treaty, ragusa gained relative independence as a subordinate country of the Hungarian Kingdom.

From14th century to1808th century, the city has been in a state of autonomous management, and reached its peak in15-16th century, when the strength of the city could compete with Venice and other Italian oceans and countries.

Ragusa has been competing with other Adriatic, League of Nations and Venice for centuries. This alliance also enabled ancona and ragusa, two distant cities on the Adriatic Sea, to fight against the Venetians' attempt to turn the Adriatic Sea into Venice Bay (the main port that directly or indirectly controls the Adriatic Sea). A non-traditional trade route (different from the traditional Venetian-German-Austrian route in Venice) has been developed between ancona and ragusa. This route started from the east, passed through ragusa and ancona, attracted Florence to join, and finally made the goods reach Flanders.

As early as 1272, ragusa and People's Republic of China (PRC) created their own laws, combining Roman law with local customs. The law also includes urban development plans and quarantine systems established for health reasons.

Ragusa has long accepted modern legal and political structures. 130 1 year, the first pharmacy in the city opened, and the medical level in the city began to be known. 13 17 years, pharmacies closed for one year for various reasons. 1347, the city opened the first almshouse, 1377 established the first hospital (Lazaret Hospital), 14 18 abolished the slave trade, 1432 opened the first orphanage, 65432.

The city was ruled by local aristocrats of Latin-Dalmatian descent, and a two-level city council was established. Like other countries of that era, they maintained a strict social hierarchy. As early as15th century, cities abolished the slave trade and preached the value of freedom. For centuries, ragusa and China have successfully maintained their living space between Venice and the Ottoman Turkish Empire and maintained their stable rule.

The languages used by urban residents are mainly Latin-Dalmatian and Croatian, and ordinary residents who have gradually settled in the city since 1 1 century have gradually replaced Dalmatian with Croatian. All the nobles in the city are of Latin descent. Until the17th century, the urban population was mainly Latin, but later, with the Croatian people from the surrounding areas moving into the city, the ethnic structure of the city changed accordingly.

Italian and Venetian dialects have become important cultural and trade languages in ragusa * * * and China. From 1472 to its demise in, Italian replaced Latin as the official language of this city. At the same time, ragusa became the cradle of Croatian literature due to the increase of communication with peaceful Slavic peoples nearby and the influence of Italian culture in Renaissance.

Part of the city's economy and wealth benefit from its own development, but the most important thing is maritime trade. With the help of excellent diplomatic skills, ragusa businessmen can travel freely on land and at sea, and there are a large number of merchant ships sailing around the world in the city. During the voyage from India to ragusa, American businessmen also discovered some settlements and brought their culture and plants to these places. One of the keys to their success is not conquest, but trade and navigation under the guidance of a white flag, whose prominent position is Latin liberals. This flag was adopted after the city officially abolished the slave trade in 14 18.

Many Sefadi Jews from Spain and Portugal are attracted by this city. 1544 in may, a ship full of Portuguese refugees docked in the city. As balthasar de Faria reported to King John, these refugees were working in the city. Ivan Labrianen, a former Portuguese teacher, whose real name was Johannes Baptista Abensis de Latole, was one of these refugees.

After the Mediterranean trade crisis and the earthquake of 1667, which killed 5,000 citizens and razed most of the buildings in the city, the city began to decline. 1699, the city sold Naeem to the Ottoman Turkish Empire to avoid being involved in the war between the Ottoman Turkish Empire and the advancing Venetian army. Now this land belongs to Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is the only seaport in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

1806, the city surrendered to Napoleon's army, because it was the only way to end the month-long siege of the city by the Russian and Montenegrin joint fleet (3,000 shells landed in the city during the siege). At first, Napoleon only asked his troops to pass through the city freely, promised not to occupy it, and emphasized that the French were friends of ragusa residents. But the French army then blocked the port, forcing the governments of ragusa and China to surrender and let the French army enter the city. On this day, all the flags and city emblems on the city wall were painted black to show sadness. 1808, marshal Mamont of France abolished the Republic, first incorporated it into the Italian kingdom under Napoleon's control, and soon incorporated the city into the jurisdiction of Illyria province under French control.

18 15 after the Vienna conference, the Habsburg dynasty acquired these provinces, established a new imperial administrative agency, and established the Dalmatian kingdom with its own parliament and the capital zadar. Throughout the19th century, the autonomous party and the people's party, which dominated the parliament, introduced a series of revised bills to strengthen centralization. Although these bills came into effect slowly, the new bill established institutions, taxation, religion, education and trade structures. For the unfortunate local residents, the policy of strengthening centralization was originally intended to stimulate economic development, but the result was a failure. Once the personal, political and economic trauma caused by the Napoleonic Wars was overcome, new political organizations began to form in this region, which demanded political reorganization in the Adriatic coastal areas.

The integration of the flawed Habsburg administrative system and the new nationalist organizations that refused to face the public has created a particularly puzzling problem. For Dalmatia, it is a province ruled by a centralized Habsburg dynasty that speaks German. Bilingual elites (mainly Croatian and Italian) control most Croats who believe in Catholicism and a small number of Serbs who believe in Orthodox Church (no more than 300 people).

18 15, the former government of ragusa and the nobles of China got together and held their last meeting in Park Jung Su nikovac, Mokosika. But this time, the great efforts made by the nobles to rebuild ragusa and China were in vain, because most of them were verified by the Austrian Empire after the country's demise.

1832, sigismund Guta di-gondola was elected as the chief executive of ragusa, and he was in power in this city for 13 years, so the Austrian government awarded him the title of Baron.

Earl and doctor of law Raffaele Poza (1828-1890) was elected as the CEO of ragusa for the first time in 1869, while in 1872, 1875, 1882 and 1882 The victory of separatist nationalists has aroused strong repercussions in Chuzola and ragusa. These were also supported and welcomed by raffaele Poza, Mayor of ragusa, the National Reading Club of Dubrovnik, the Dubrovnik Workers' Association and the author's commentary entitled "Slovinac". In Kuna District and Orebic District, especially Orebic District, even before the division, the national government was established.

The rule of Austria and the later Austro-Hungarian Empire lasted for more than a century. At that time, the atmosphere of the city was like the motto believed by the world powers at that time: divide and rule. In terms of political parties, Austria's population differentiation policy in Dalmatia coastal areas has been fully reflected, such as the Croatian People's Party and the Autonomous Party representing Italy's interests.

1889, Serbian Catholics gathered to support the candidates of the Autonomous Party, Baron Francisco Guettard Di-gondola, and the People's Party, Vlaho de Juli, to participate in the leadership elections scheduled to be held in Dalmatia. In the local government elections in the following years, Francisco Guettard di-gondola and his autonomous party won the election of mayor of Dubrovnik, and he served as mayor until his death in 1899, and the People's Party Alliance won the election again on May 27th. 1894. Francisco Guettard Di-gondola established the Urban Philatelic Association on February 4th, 1890.

With the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 19 18, the city became a part of the kingdom of Yugoslavia, and its name was officially changed from ragusa to Dubrovnik.

192 1 year, Pero Chinlia, a Dalmatian politician and one of the leaders of the People's Party, died at the age of 84. With his efforts, the People's Party and some right-wing parties merged into a Croatian political party at 1905.

During World War II, Dubrovnik became part of the independent state of Croatia, the puppet regime of Nazi Germany. At first, the city was occupied by Italian troops. After September 8, 1943, German troops entered the city. 1June, 944, Yugoslav guerrillas led by Tito entered the city, and Dubrovnik became a part of this country with the establishment of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. After the guerrillas entered Dubrovnik, they wiped out the hostile elements and Catholic priests who cooperated with the Nazis and Italy and executed 78 hostile elements.

199 1 Croatia and Slovenia, which were still part of Yugoslavia, declared their independence. As early as the early 1970s, in order to avoid the destruction of the old city by war, it was demilitarized and disarmed. With Croatia's declaration of independence in 199 1, Serbian and Montenegrin soldiers of the Yugoslav People's Army attacked Dubrovnik. The Montenegrin government led by Momir momir bulatovic is loyal to Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic, claiming that Dubrovnik is not allowed to stay in Croatian territory because the city is a part of Montenegro in history. Although the main residents of the city are Croats, only a few Montenegrin residents live here. The Serb population accounts for only 6% of the urban population. Bratovic's statement was seen as part of Milosevic's plan to build a greater Serbia with his nationalist supporters, who were eager to dominate the region after the disintegration of Yugoslavia.

1 99110/01day, Dubrovnik was attacked by the Yugoslav people's army, thus starting the siege war of Dubrovnik that lasted for seven months. On February 6 of the same year, after the heavy artillery fire of the Yugoslav People's Army, 19 urban residents were killed and 60 people were injured. According to the Croatian Red Cross, 1 14 Dubrovnik citizens were killed in the conflict, including Milan Milicic, a famous poet. Foreign media generally criticized the destruction of the old city and the casualties caused by continuous attacks. Nevertheless, the shelling of the Yugoslav People's Army damaged 56% of the buildings in the city to some extent. The wall of Dubrovnik, which has entered the UNESCO World Heritage List, has also been shelled 650 times. 1In May 1992, Croatian troops lifted the siege of Dubrovnik and liberated the city and its surrounding areas. However, the sudden danger brought by the Yugoslav People's Army's attack lasted for three years.

With the end of the war, the old city of Dubrovnik, which was destroyed by shells, began to be repaired. According to the guidelines of UNESCO, the restoration will be restored. By 2005, most of the damaged parts had been repaired, but traces of shelling could still be seen in the parts near the city gate, showing the military attacks suffered during the siege. From the heights around the city, you can see more bright new roofs in the city. The International War Crimes Tribunal of the former Yugoslavia prosecuted the generals and officials of the Yugoslav People's Army who organized the siege attack. General Pavle Strugar, who commanded the Yugoslav People's Army to shell Dubrovnik, was sentenced to eight years' imprisonment.

1996 an American Boeing T-43 passenger plane crashed near dubrovnik airport, including important figures of the us air force.