Why Guangdong is called Guangdong, and the origin of Guangdong history.

In ancient literature, "Yue" means "Yue", and "Yue" and "Yue" were very common in ancient times. Tribes along the coast south of the Yangtze River are often collectively referred to as "Yue" in pre-Qin ancient books, "Baiyue" or "Zhu Yue" in literature (including wuyue, Fujian, Yangyue, Nanyue, Xi 'ou and Luoyue), and "Nanyue" in Guangdong. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the meaning of the word "Guangdong" narrowed, generally referring to Lingnan area, or "South Guangdong". Until modern times, Guangdong and Guangxi were still called "Guangdong". After the Republic of China, the word "Guangdong" became the abbreviation of Guangdong Province. During the period of ancient countries, northern Guangdong, western Guangdong and northern Guangdong were generally ruled by the ancient Lingnan Cangwu country, while eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong were ancient countries established by the Min, Yue and wuyue ethnic groups. Guangdong has been a place where many cultures meet and coexist since ancient times.

Guangdong has a long history and is the seat of Pangu Kingdom in Archean South China Sea. There were traces of human activities in China 600,000-800,000 years ago. About 6.5438+0.29 million years ago, early Homo sapiens (Maba Man Site) appeared in Lingnan. Guangdong ancestors domesticated rice 0/0.4 million years ago, or became the source of rice writing in the world. Song Luomi's "The History of Tao, the Second Age of the Pre-Qin Dynasty, Emperor Ji" contains: "Guangdong has an emperor, which is a heavenly spirit, and hopes to be greatly respected"; King by wood. "Three Meetings": "After Pangu's rule, the Emperor of Heaven began to use the name of the dry branch to determine the year." Archaeological studies have found that Guangdong is one of the birthplaces of China people. The conclusion of the whole genome typing study shows that ancient ancestors migrated from south to north into the Yellow River basin in prehistoric times, creating a splendid Chinese civilization. It is recognized by academic circles that private ownership, class differentiation and kingship politics have appeared in Shi Xia culture four or five thousand years ago. During the Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty, Guangdong ancestors had economic and cultural exchanges with the Central Plains.

About 4000 years ago, there were many ancient entities in Lingnan area. In Guangdong Province, there are the Kingdom of Mindu in the Pearl River Delta, the Kingdom of Tielou in Boluo in central Guangdong, the Kingdom of Yangyu in Yangshan and Yingde in northern Guangdong, the Kingdom of Daner and the Kingdom of lettering in Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan. Around the Warring States Period, Xi 'ou and Luoyue appeared in most parts of Guangxi and some parts of Guangdong, which was the heyday of countries in Lingnan area. In the official history, the advanced technology brought from Lingnan to the south of Qin Jun began to be integrated into civilization, but in recent years, the archaeological community found that this view is a "historical misunderstanding". Since modern times, a large number of cultural relics such as bronzes, pottery and crystals have been unearthed one after another, proving that Lingnan had splendid Neolithic and Bronze Age civilizations before Qin Dynasty, and Lingnan was one of the cradles of Chinese civilization.

1, Qin dynasty

In 222 BC, after Ying Zheng, king of Qin, unified the six countries, he sent Tu Youyou to lead 500,000 Qin Jun to attack Lingnan. In 2 14 BC, Qin Jun basically occupied Lingnan. Immediately, Qin Shihuang set up three counties of "Guilin, Elephant and Nanhai" in the Lingnan area he captured. Nanhai County governs the Southeast South China Sea, Hezhou, Guangxi, and Bei Nanling, including parts of eastern Guangdong, northern Guangdong, central Guangdong and western Guangdong. It governs Panyu, Longchuan, Boluo and Sihui, and the county governs Panyu. Today, most of Guangdong Province belongs to Nanhai County. In addition, Zhanjiang and other places belong to Xiang County, parts of western Guangdong belong to Guilin County, and parts of northern Guangdong belong to Changsha County. This is the first time in Guangdong's history that there are existing documents to record the division of administrative regions.

After Zhao Tuo was appointed as the magistrate of Longchuan County, Qin wrote to the court, demanding that 500,000 residents be moved from the Central Plains to Lingnan. In addition to the relegated officials, most of the people who moved from the Central Plains were "Jia people", meaning "businessmen", and they were the targets of the imperial government's policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business. It not only punished the "businessmen", but also penetrated into Lingnan. The court held that killing two birds with one stone. According to records, there were roughly five groups of immigrants in the Qin Dynasty. In order to stabilize the army and solve the problem of soldiers' spouses staying behind after the war, Nanhai County applied to the court to send 30 thousand single women to Lingnan. The reason is obscure: "mending clothes for soldiers from the north." The Qin dynasty finally approved the application, but the amount was discounted, and the Central Plains 15000 widows and unmarried women joined the ranks of supporting the frontier.

At the end of the Qin Dynasty, the prefect of Nanhai County was critically ill, and appointed Longchuan County to make Zhao Tuo take his place. In 208 BC, when Zhao Tuo, the captain of Nanhai County, died in Qin, he was imprisoned and destroyed. Three years later, Guilin County and Xiang Jun County in Lingnan were merged. In 204 BC, Nanyue State was formally established with the title of "King of Nanyue" and its capital was Panyu, Guangdong.

2. In the Han Dynasty

In BC 196, Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu, sent a doctor Lv Jia to South Vietnam. Zhao Tuo was given the seal of the King of South Vietnam by Emperor Gaozu and surrendered to the Han Dynasty, so South Vietnam became a vassal state of the Han Dynasty. After Liu Bang's death, Lv Hou came to North Korea, sanctioned South Vietnam economically, and sent troops south to attack South Vietnam. Zhao Tuo rose up and fought back against Hunan, flatly announcing his separation from the Han Dynasty, calling himself "Emperor Wu of South Vietnam". In BC 179, Lv Hou died, and Liu Heng, the Chinese emperor, ascended the throne, and sent Lv Jia to South Vietnam again to persuade Zhao Tuo to return to Han. Zhao Tuo accepted Liu Jia's persuasion again. In addition to the emperor's return to the Han Dynasty, South Vietnam was formally incorporated into the unified territory of China. In BC 137, Zhao Tuo died. His descendants continued to serve as four generations of South Vietnamese kings.

In BC11/year, the Han Dynasty pacified South Vietnam. The Han Dynasty divided South Vietnam into nine counties. In order to facilitate the supervision of county officials, the Han Dynasty also set up a 13 resident supervision agency, called the "Thirteen Division". At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Jiaotoe Department was changed to Jiaozhou. Besides the supervisory power, Jiaotoe Department also had military power and became a county-level government. The local administrative system was changed from county level 2 to state, county and county level 3. Today's Guangdong Province includes the whole Nanhai County under the jurisdiction of Jiaozhou (the central and eastern part of Guangdong), as well as Cangwu County, Hepu County, Guiyang County in Jingzhou and a part of Zhang Yu County in Yangzhou. Among them, Nanhai County added three counties compared with Qin Dynasty: Jieyang, Suzhong (now Qingyuan) and Zengcheng.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, after Battle of Red Cliffs, Wei, Shu and Wu gradually formed a tripartite confrontation. In AD 2 10 (the 15th year of Jian 'an of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty), Wu Sunquan appointed Bu Zhi as the secretariat of Jiaozhou and led his troops to Panyu. In February17, Bu Zhi moved the administration of Jiaozhou from Guangxin to Panyu. In 264, in order to facilitate governance, Soochow set four counties (Nanhai, Cangwu, Yulin and Gaoliang) outside Jiaozhou, and set up Guangzhou to administer Panyu, hence the name. Guangxin is the "Guang" location of Guangdong and Guangxi. Guangdong and Guangxi are bounded by Guangxin, with Guangdong in the east and Guangxi in the west. Since the sixteenth year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (2 1 1), the Jiaozhou office moved from Cangwu (Wuzhou) to Panyu (Guangzhou), and Guangzhou only rose. During the period of Wu Dong, Guangdong Province now includes Shixing County and Hainan Island in Jingzhou, in addition to the four counties under the jurisdiction of Guangzhou. In the second year of the Western Han Dynasty (AD 2), the population reached more than 370,000. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the social unrest in the Central Plains continued, and the number of immigrants to Guangdong increased sharply. By the fifth year of Yonghe in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the registered population had reached more than 860,000.

3. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

In the Western Jin Dynasty, the hinterland of Guangdong Province belonged to Guangzhou, northern Guangdong belonged to Jingzhou, and Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island belonged to Jiaozhou. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the political situation in China was divided between the North and the South. Most of the newly-added states, counties and counties are concentrated in central Guangdong, western Guangdong and northern Guangdong, with few in eastern Guangdong. Because the agricultural economy in eastern Guangdong is not as developed as that in western Guangdong, and the transportation is not as convenient as that in western Guangdong. At the beginning of Sui Dynasty, Guangzhou and Zhou Xun (now Huizhou) were appointed as the Governor General's Office to administer the whole country. Yang Di abolished the state as a county and changed it to two levels, namely, county and county, and greatly increased the number of provinces. Today, Guangdong province belongs to 10 county and 74 counties. During the Jin Dynasty, due to the chaos in the north, the northern gentry and Li people fled to the southeast coast one after another, and the Lingnan immigrants in the Jin Dynasty were called "refugees".

4. Tang and Song Dynasties

In the early Tang Dynasty, counties were established. The 45 States of Lingnan belong to Guangzhou, Guizhou, Rongzhou, Yongzhou and Annan (also known as Lingnan Five Houses). After 655 years, all five counties were transferred to Guangzhou. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, Shantou area of Chaozhou once belonged to Fujian, which was under the jurisdiction of Fujian Governor's Office and Fujian Province. In 756, he was promoted to Lingnan Ambassador. In 862 (Zong Yi lived in Xian Tong for three years), Lingnan Road was divided into East Road and West Road, with Guangzhou as the host and Guangdong as the host. This is the origin of the word "East" in the name of Guangdong Province, and it is also the beginning of the division of Guangdong and Guangxi into things.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Lingnan was occupied by Liu, and the administrative divisions basically inherited the organizational system of the Tang Dynasty. South Han promoted Guangzhou to prosperity; In the late Southern Han Dynasty, the whole territory governed 60 states and 2 14 counties. Liang Sannian (9 17), Qinghai and Jinghai armies, with Ada as their capital. At the beginning of the country, the name was Da Yue, and the year number was dry. The following year, the name of the country was changed to Han, which was called Nanhan in history. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Southern Han Dynasty inherited the laws and regulations of the Tang Dynasty and generally followed the official system of the Tang Dynasty.

The local administrative system in Song Dynasty was divided into three levels: states and counties. Today, Guangdong Province includes Guangnan East Road 14 State and Guangnan West Road 7 States ***6 1 County. The Song Dynasty inherited and adjusted the Tang system. Eight prefectures were abolished in western Guangdong and Hainan Island, and four prefectures added in southern Han Dynasty were retained in eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong except the Tang Dynasty. With the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty and the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, gentry, common people and anti-Yuan soldiers fled to the south twice, and the migration tide of the Song Dynasty far surpassed that of the Jin Dynasty.

5. Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties

The local administrative system in Yuan Dynasty was divided into four levels: provincial, provincial, prefectural (state, military) and county, and there was another way, that is, transport agencies below the provincial level and above the provincial level. Today, Guangdong Province is divided into Guangdong Road and Haibei South Road. Guangdong is ruled in Guangzhou, and Haibei Hainan is ruled in Leizhou today. In the Yuan Dynasty, due to the war, the population once decreased, and in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it increased to nearly 4 million.

In the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1369), Guangdong Road was changed to Guangdong and other provinces, and Haibei Hainan Road was placed under Guangdong, becoming one of the thirteen provinces in the Ming Dynasty. Moreover, Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island, which belong to the same region as Guangxi for a long time, were included in Guangdong, ending the situation that Guangdong belonged to different administrative regions in the past, and the regional outline of Guangdong Province was basically formed. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Guangdong set up 10 mansion and 1 zhili mansion, which governed 7 states and 75 counties. At the end of Ming Dynasty, Central Plains immigrants migrated to Lingnan again.

In the early Qing Dynasty, local administrative organizations were divided into four levels: province, prefecture and county, but in the Ming Dynasty, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially changed its name to province. Officially use the name of "Guangdong Province", and its jurisdiction is the same as that of Guangdong Government Council in Ming Dynasty. The southernmost territory of Guangdong Province in the Qing Dynasty was the Zengmu shoal of the South China Sea Islands. Xisha Islands (called "Qianli Changsha") and Nansha Islands (called "Qianli Shitang") are under the jurisdiction of Wanzhou, Qiongzhou District, Guangdong Province. The South China Sea Islands have been the territory of China since ancient times. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the China government exercised sovereignty here, and the Qing government often sent navy officers to inspect it.

Forty-eight years after Qianlong (1783), the registered population of the whole province has reached144.87 million. On the eve of the Opium War, it reached 22.864 million, making it one of the most populous provinces in China. 184 1 year, the Qing government was defeated in the Opium War and was forced to sign the Sino-British treaty of nanking, and Hong Kong (then Xin 'an County) officially became a British colony. 1887, Portugal induced the Qing government to sign the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Friendship and Trade and occupied Macao (then Xiangshan County).

6. Republic of China (1912-1949)

19 1 1 year1October 10 After the Wuchang Uprising was successful, all provinces responded and declared independence. 165438+1On October 9, Guangdong achieved "peaceful recovery", with Hu as the governor of Guangdong and Chen Jiongming as the deputy governor. 165438+1October 10, the Guangdong military government was formally proclaimed. During the reign of Guangdong military government (1911kloc-0/913 August), Sun Yat-sen's ideas and the policies and decrees of Nanjing Provisional Government were implemented. 19 17 September 10, Sun Yat-sen became the Grand Marshal of Guangzhou Military Government. 192 1 year, Guangzhou municipal government was established. 192 1 The government of the Republic of China was established in May, with Sun Yat-sen as the president. 1June 24, 925, the Kuomintang Central Committee decided to reorganize the Grand Marshal's Office; 1925, the national government of the Republic of China was established in Guangzhou. In July, the Guangzhou Municipal Hall was changed to the Guangzhou Municipal Government. The local administration of the national government is divided into provinces, administrative regions, counties and cities, and the Committee system is implemented. The Guangdong Provincial Government consists of six administrative regions, namely, Guangzhou, Beijiang, Dongjiang, Xijiang, Lu Nan and Hainan. Each district has a member of the administrative committee to handle the affairs of the district on behalf of the provincial government.

1938+00 June, the Japanese invaders occupied Guangzhou. 1945 After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the government of the Republic of China divided the administrative supervision areas into provincial supervision areas and special administrative supervision areas. There are 12 cities and counties such as Nanhai and Panyu directly under the provincial administration, and the administrative supervision area is divided into 1 1 area, and * * * governs 88 counties.

7. People's Republic of China (PRC)

194910 June 14, Guangzhou liberation; 10 year 10 On October 28th, Guangzhou Municipal People's Government was established; 165438+1October 6th, Guangdong Provincial People's Government was formally established. There are nine special zones in the province: Pearl River, Dongjiang River, Xijiang River, Beijiang River, Central Guangdong, South Road, Xingmei, Chaoshan and Qiongya. * * * governs 7 cities and 98 counties, and Guangzhou is a municipality directly under the central government. From 65438 to 0952, Guangdong Province and Guangzhou City were led by Central South Management Committee, Beihai City and Qinzhou District were placed under Guangxi, and Huaiji County of Guangxi was placed under Guangdong. 1954, Guangdong province was directly led by the central government, and Guangzhou, which was originally directly under the central government, was placed under the jurisdiction of Guangdong province. 1955, the counties belonging to Beihai City and Qinzhou District in Guangxi were transferred to Guangdong Province and renamed Hepu District. 1965, Beihai and Hepu counties were placed under the jurisdiction of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. From 65438 to 0979, Baoan County, which originally belonged to Huiyang area, was changed to Shenzhen City, and Zhuhai County, which originally belonged to Foshan area, was changed to Zhuhai City, all of which were directly administered by the province.

Guangdong Province is directly under the jurisdiction of Guangzhou, Haikou, Shantou, Zhanjiang, Maoming, Foshan, Jiangmen, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shaoguan and other cities 10, which is divided into seven regions including Shaoguan, Huiyang, Meizhou, Shantou, Foshan, Zhanjiang and Zhaoqing, and Hainan Administrative Region and Hainan Li and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. * * * governs 92 counties in 14 city. 198 1 set up offices in Xisha, Nansha and zhongsha islands, which are directly led by Hainan administrative region. 1983, the new system of city governing county and township governing village will be implemented. 1988, the central government divided Hainan administrative region from Guangdong province and established Hainan province. In the same year, Guangdong began to cancel the regional setting and set up 18 prefecture-level cities (later increased to 2 1 prefecture-level city), and fully implemented the system of prefecture-level cities governing counties and townships governing villages.