What is the form of water resources in China? How to solve the problem of water resources in China?

● A large population and a small land, uneven distribution of water resources in time and space, and mismatch between water and soil resources and the layout of economic and social development are the basic water conditions in China. However, the long-term growth pattern of extensive economic has aggravated the seriousness of water resources problems in China and increased the difficulty of solving these problems. Fundamentally speaking, water problems such as drought and water shortage, floods, water pollution and soil erosion not only expose that water conservancy can not meet the needs of sustainable economic and social development, but also expose that long-term extensive economic growth mode can not meet the conditions of water resources and water environment. These two imbalances are our basic judgment on the current water resources problems.

Scientific Outlook on Development is a concentrated expression of the world outlook and methodology guiding development, and an important guiding ideology that must be adhered to for a long time to promote economic and social development and accelerate socialist modernization. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, whether it can provide reliable water resources guarantee for the sustainable development of economy and society, and whether it can complete the objectives and tasks of water conservancy development, the key lies in whether Scientific Outlook on Development can be implemented in various water conservancy work.

The development of China's water conservancy is also restricted by institutional mechanisms. With the continuous development of sustainable water conservancy, the institutional obstacles restricting the development of water conservancy are increasingly prominent, and the deep-seated contradictions of reform are gradually exposed. We must solve the contradictions, difficulties and problems in progress by means of reform, so as to promote development through reform.

The problem of water resources in China is mainly manifested as "two incompatibilities"

Reporter: Hello, Minister Wang! Freshwater resources, energy resources and land resources are the three major resources that affect the sustainable development of China's economy and society. In the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way, what kind of water resources situation are we facing?

Wang Shucheng: As you said, water resources are extremely important strategic resources in economic and social development. In recent years, especially during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, under the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the water conservancy department has actively and effectively carried out its work in accordance with the requirements of Scientific Outlook on Development, striving to ensure the safety of flood control, water supply and ecology. Great progress has been made in water conservancy, which is highlighted in four aspects.

First, the losses caused by floods, droughts and other disasters have been effectively reduced. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, floods and droughts occurred frequently in China, especially in the northern region. Through the joint efforts of all parties, we have achieved a comprehensive victory in flood control and drought relief. The losses caused by floods are lower than the average level in the 1990s, the drought problem has been effectively dealt with, and the water demand for economic and social development has been basically guaranteed.

Second, the construction of water conservancy infrastructure has reached a new level. A large number of water conservancy infrastructures related to the national economy and people's livelihood and the overall development have been built, and breakthroughs have been made in the construction of flood control projects focusing on dikes of large rivers, with an additional water supply capacity of 27 billion cubic meters, a net increase of more than 23 million mu of effective irrigation area nationwide, and a newly developed water-saving irrigation project area of more than 74 million mu, which has solved the drinking water difficulties and drinking water safety problems of more than 67 million rural people.

Third, the construction of water-saving society has achieved initial results. The Yellow River and Heihe River basins are subject to total water intake control, 17 provinces are subject to water quota management, 10 provinces are subject to excessive progressive price increase system, and Ningxia and Inner Mongolia carry out inter-industry water rights conversion. The national water use efficiency has been significantly improved, the effective utilization coefficient of agricultural irrigation water has reached 0.45, and the average annual water consumption per 10,000 yuan of industrial added value has decreased by 40%.

Fourth, soil and water conservation and ecological protection have been strengthened. Comprehensive prevention and control of soil erosion was 540,000 square kilometers, an increase of 3 1 10,000 square kilometers compared with the Ninth Five-Year Plan. Carry out water function zoning of major rivers, lakes and reservoirs in 3 1 province (autonomous region and municipality directly under the central government). Strengthen the supervision and management of water intake permits, water functional areas and sewage outlets into the river according to law. A series of ecological environment restoration and management have been carried out, such as comprehensive ecological management of Heihe River and Tarim River, unified water resources regulation of Yellow River, water diversion from Yangtze River to Taiyuan, emergency water replenishment of Nansi Lake, water replenishment of Zhalong Wetland and water diversion of Yueji Lake, and obvious results have been achieved.

In short, the water conservancy work during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period has provided a strong guarantee and made great contributions to promoting the steady and rapid development of the national economy, ensuring the safety of people's lives and property, and promoting the increase of grain production and farmers' income. At the same time, it also laid a solid foundation for the water conservancy reform and development in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan and even a longer period.

While seeing remarkable achievements in water conservancy work, we should also see that the task of water conservancy development is quite arduous and the situation is quite grim. Drought and water shortage, flood disaster, water pollution and soil erosion are still quite prominent.

First, the contradiction between the shortage of water resources and the growing demand for water resources by economic and social development is prominent. China's per capita water resources are 2200 cubic meters, which is about 1/4 of the world's per capita level. In normal years, the national water shortage is nearly 40 billion cubic meters. The development and utilization of water resources in some river basins and regions have approached or exceeded the carrying capacity of water resources and water environment. With the development of economy and society and the improvement of people's living standards, the demand for water resources is increasing, the difficulty of water resources development and utilization and river management is increasing, and the shortage of water resources will continue to increase.

Second, the contradiction between the weak comprehensive flood control system of rivers and the safety of people's lives and property is prominent. Most important tributaries of major rivers and small and medium-sized rivers have not been effectively treated, the construction of flood storage and detention areas is lagging behind, and the ability to monitor and prevent disasters such as mountain torrents and mudslides is low. Flood disaster causes a large number of casualties and property losses every year, and it is still a major heart disease of the Chinese nation.

Third, the contradiction between serious water pollution, soil erosion and sustainable development is prominent. The total amount of sewage discharge in China has increased year by year, the pollution of rivers and lakes has intensified, and the overall situation of water environment has not been fundamentally improved. The trend of soil erosion and ecological deterioration has not been fundamentally curbed, groundwater has been seriously overexploited, rivers have been cut off, lakes have dried up, wetlands have shrunk and oases have disappeared in some areas, which has seriously affected the sustainable development of economy and society. These problems need our great attention and gradual solution.

Fourth, the contradiction between the lagging development of rural water conservancy and the promotion of new socialist countryside construction is prominent. Rural water conservancy infrastructure is weak, and the irrigation areas in China13 are medium and low yield fields. Many backbone buildings in large-scale irrigation areas are damaged, and the aging damage rate of large-scale irrigation and drainage pumping station is high. Agricultural production still has not got rid of the passive situation of "relying on the sky to harvest". High fluorine water, high arsenic water and brackish water in rural areas also seriously threaten the health of farmers, and hundreds of millions of farmers have not drunk clean water.

It should be pointed out that a large population and a small land, uneven distribution of water resources in time and space, and mismatch between water and soil resources and economic and social development layout are the basic water conditions in China. However, the long-term growth pattern of extensive economic has aggravated the seriousness of water resources problems in China and increased the difficulty of solving these problems. Fundamentally speaking, water problems such as drought and water shortage, floods, water pollution and soil erosion not only expose that water conservancy can not meet the needs of sustainable economic and social development, but also expose that long-term extensive economic growth mode can not meet the conditions of water resources and water environment. These two imbalances are our basic judgment on the current water resources problems.

Scientific Outlook on Development is a main line that must run through water conservancy work.

Reporter: How should water conservancy work deal with the complicated water resources problems in China?

Wang Shucheng: Scientific Outlook on Development is a concentrated expression of the world outlook and methodology guiding development, and an important guiding ideology that must be adhered to for a long time to promote economic and social development and accelerate socialist modernization. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, whether it can provide reliable water resources guarantee for the sustainable development of economy and society, and whether it can complete the objectives and tasks of water conservancy development, the key lies in whether Scientific Outlook on Development can be implemented in various water conservancy work.

Over the past five years, we have adhered to the central water conservancy policy, adjusted the water conservancy ideas according to the requirements of Scientific Outlook on Development, regarded the harmony between man and nature as the core concept of water conservancy work, and made overall plans for river basin and regional water conservancy development, urban and rural water resources, engineering measures and non-engineering measures, constantly exploring and practicing, and achieved great results. However, we must also see that our exploration is still preliminary and the progress is still phased. The full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development has a long way to go. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, we will effectively combine Scientific Outlook on Development's basic thought with the concrete practice of water conservancy work, organically combine the overall requirements of harmonious development between man and nature with the laws of water conservancy work, adapt to the new requirements of economic and social development for water conservancy, and accelerate the pace of water conservancy development.

First, adhere to the people-oriented principle. Taking the fundamental interests of the people as the starting point and the end result of water conservancy work, taking the protection of people's life safety and health as the primary goal, taking solving the people's most concerned, direct and realistic interests as the priority field of water conservancy work, through rational development, efficient utilization, optimal allocation, comprehensive saving, effective protection and comprehensive management of water resources, the quality of life, living environment and production conditions of urban and rural residents will be continuously improved, and the degree of water security will be improved.

The second is to adhere to the harmony between man and nature. We should not only prevent floods and droughts, but also regulate human activities, control floods and give them a way out. We should develop and utilize water resources, maintain water ecological balance, meet the needs of contemporary people, and leave enough room for survival and development for future generations. It is necessary not only to control soil erosion, but also to rely on the self-repair of nature, and effectively change from disorderly development and unlimited demand for nature to rational development and protection, combining advantages and disadvantages, paying equal attention to open source and throttling, and ensuring water resources.

Third, adhere to overall planning, overall consideration, tackling both the symptoms and root causes, and comprehensive management. It is necessary to coordinate economic, social and water conservancy development, and unify economic and social development with water resources carrying capacity and water environment carrying capacity. It is necessary to coordinate the development of river basin and regional water conservancy and rationally allocate water resources. It is necessary to coordinate urban and rural water conservancy development, build a coordinated urban-rural water conservancy development system with its own characteristics, and make contributions to promoting coordinated urban-rural development and building a new countryside. Make overall arrangements for domestic, production and ecological water use, and at the same time ensure domestic water use to meet other needs to the maximum extent.

Fourth, adhere to the road of resource conservation and environmental friendliness. According to the requirements of building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society, we should take saving and protecting water resources as a revolutionary measure. It is necessary to focus on improving the efficiency of water resources utilization, fully implement various water-saving measures, establish and improve the system and mechanism for promoting water conservation, form a water-saving growth mode and consumption mode, and establish a water-saving national economic system and a water-saving society. It is necessary to intensify the prevention and control of water pollution, vigorously develop water recycling, reduce pollution emissions and gradually improve water quality.

Earnestly shoulder two major missions

Reporter: The Eleventh Five-Year Plan period is a crucial period for building a well-off society in an all-round way, and also for implementing Scientific Outlook on Development and bringing economic and social development into the track of scientific development. This period put forward new tasks and requirements for water conservancy. What is the main task of water conservancy?

Wang Shucheng: To sum up, it is two major missions:

First, through the development of water conservancy, we will continuously meet the needs of economic and social development for water conservancy. Water conservancy should not only meet the needs of a series of major economic development strategies, such as the western development, the revitalization of the old industrial base in Northeast China, the rise of central China, poverty alleviation and development, energy strategy and food security strategy, but also meet the basic needs of people's drinking water safety, flood control safety and the survival and development of water conservancy project immigrants. It is necessary to improve the water supply capacity, alleviate the constraints of water shortage on economic development, and ensure the water demand for economic development. At the same time, we should adhere to the harmony between man and nature, and between people, combine safeguarding people's development needs with maintaining river health, organically combine fairness and efficiency, pay more attention to water conservancy development in ecologically fragile basins and regions, pay more attention to the water conservancy needs of socially disadvantaged groups, and promote the construction of a harmonious society. It is necessary not only to meet the requirements of urbanization and industrialization for flood control safety, water resources safety and water environment improvement, but also to meet the requirements of building a new socialist countryside by improving comprehensive agricultural production capacity, improving farmers' production and living conditions and rural ecological environment construction.

Second, by changing the mode of water conservancy development, we will promote the transformation of economic growth mode and push economic and social development into the track of scientific development. According to the constraints of water resources carrying capacity and water environment carrying capacity, we will continue to strengthen social management and promote economic restructuring and economic growth mode transformation. According to the functional orientation of different regions, different rivers and different river sections, the economic and social behaviors should be regulated reasonably and orderly. In areas where water resources are scarce, the industrial structure and productivity layout should be adapted to the two carrying capacities, and projects with high water consumption and high pollution should be strictly restricted. Urban development and industrial layout must meet the requirements of flood control planning in areas with serious flood threat. It is strictly forbidden to blindly reclaim land, set obstacles, occupy flood beaches and flood passages, scientifically build and rationally use flood storage and detention areas to avoid flood risks. In areas with fragile ecological environment, the policy of giving priority to protection and moderate development should be implemented, and ecological environment protection should be strengthened to develop characteristic industries according to local conditions. Development activities that do not conform to the functional positioning are strictly prohibited.

Do a good job in six key tasks

Reporter: So, what is the focus of water conservancy work in the 11th Five-Year Plan?

Wang Shucheng: We intend to focus on the following tasks:

First, do a good job in flood control and drought relief. Flood control and disaster reduction is a long-term and important task, and we must attach great importance to it and persevere. Correctly handling the relationship between people and floods and giving people a way out should not only be reflected in the flood-fighting period, but also be highly valued in economic and social construction. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the flood control engineering system of major rivers in China was initially established, and the flood control management system was basically established to ensure the flood control safety of major rivers, major cities and key areas; Do a good job in drought relief, ensure people's living water, and ensure the normal operation of the economy and society.

The second is to ensure the safety of drinking water. The primary task of water conservancy work is to ensure the safety of drinking water and people's life and health. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, the drinking water safety problem of 1 100 million rural population will be solved, and the rural drinking water safety problem will be reduced 1/3. Strengthen the protection of water resources, effectively protect drinking water sources, and improve the ability to deal with emergencies.

The third is to comprehensively promote the construction of a water-saving society. Building a water-saving society is the most fundamental and effective strategic measure to solve the problem of drought and water shortage in China, and it is also an important means and basic way to promote the transformation of economic growth mode. The construction of water-saving society mainly achieves the purpose of saving water and increasing efficiency through the reform of social management system, the adjustment of production relations and industrial structure and the system construction. The implementation of comprehensive measures focuses on establishing a water management system that combines total control with quota management, improving the water price formation mechanism, and promoting water conservation by economic means.

Fourth, strengthen water resources management and optimize water resources allocation. Adhere to the principle of "water saving before water transfer, pollution control before water supply, environmental protection before water use", strengthen the construction of water resources regulation and storage projects, and improve the ability of time and space regulation of water resources. Complete the first phase of the East and Middle Lines of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project as planned, strengthen the preliminary work of the first phase of the West Line of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, and strive to start construction at the end of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan. Continue to implement and start construction of some regional water and sediment transfer projects. Strengthen the unified dispatch of water resources and make overall plans for living, production and ecological water use.

Fifth, do a good job in ecological environment protection in water conservancy work. We must properly handle the relationship between development and protection, aim at sustainable development, develop in protection and protect in development. In all aspects of planning, design, construction and operation management of water conservancy projects, measures to protect ecology and environment are formulated and implemented, so as to give full play to the functions of river ecosystems and effectively protect them. Attach great importance to and earnestly strengthen the reservoir resettlement work. Accelerate the pace of soil erosion control.

Sixth, strengthen rural water conservancy construction and serve the new socialist countryside. Serving agriculture, countryside and farmers has always been the focus of water conservancy work. It is necessary to closely focus on the strategic deployment of building a new socialist countryside, aiming at ensuring farmers' drinking water safety, improving agricultural comprehensive production capacity, improving rural electrification level and improving rural ecological environment, improving irrigation and drainage system, promoting water-saving transformation, and improving irrigation water utilization efficiency and irrigation area production capacity; Developing water conservancy in pastoral areas with the focus on irrigating forage fields. Accelerate the development of rural hydropower; Do a good job in water conservancy and schistosomiasis control to effectively control the occurrence of schistosomiasis; Vigorously carry out the construction of rural ecological environment and improve the appearance of rural villages.

Speeding up the innovation of system and mechanism to enhance the stamina of water conservancy development

Reporter: What safeguard measures should be taken to speed up the development of water conservancy and accomplish the two major missions?

Wang Shucheng: The development of water conservancy in China is also restricted by the system and mechanism. With the continuous development of sustainable water conservancy, the institutional obstacles restricting the development of water conservancy are increasingly prominent, and the deep-seated contradictions of reform are gradually exposed. We must solve the contradictions, difficulties and problems in progress by means of reform, so as to promote development through reform. First, speed up the transformation of functions, strengthen the social management and public services of water-related affairs, improve the ability to use economic and legal means, and enhance the ability to deal with various water crises and emergencies. Second, actively explore the reform of comprehensive river basin management, straighten out the relationship between river basin management and regional management, and gradually establish a democratic, coordinated, authoritative and efficient river basin management Committee system with the participation of relevant parties. The third is to speed up the reform of water conservancy investment and financing system, broaden the sources of water conservancy construction funds, establish a water conservancy financial investment mechanism that is compatible with the national public finance framework, actively explore market financing channels, and improve the new mechanism of farmland water conservancy capital construction. The fourth is to improve the water price matching system, popularize scientific pricing methods, and establish and improve a reasonable water price formation mechanism. Fifth, comprehensively promote the construction of water conservancy science and technology innovation system and enhance innovation ability. Sixth, strengthen team building and spiritual civilization construction to provide strong political and organizational guarantee for water conservancy reform and development.