Evolution of Xinghua Folk Houses

The traditional houses in Putian are mostly civil masonry structures, stone foundations, earth walls (or brick walls) and tile roofs. Most of them are bungalows or small buildings with two floors, and few of them have more than three floors. The types of houses are: three rooms, four-eye hall, five rooms, seven rooms, nine rooms and so on. And can be protected by additional protection devices or even more protection devices. Among them, the most unique building regulation is that Xianyou County has a large building covering Shi Lian, with nine squares and three bathrooms, with a total length of 100 meters; At the top of the list are 99 Yanglao Buildings criss-crossing. There is also the large-scale "Bo Di" of Chen Jingbang, the minister of rites in the Ming Dynasty, located in Chengxiang District. Among them, there are seven buildings (not including the back garden) on the central axis, which are super-large scholar-bureaucrat mansions, commonly known as "120 big houses".

Living together is the main feature of Putian traditional folk houses. This is closely related to the traditional ideas and ethics of Putian people, and contains distinctive humanistic characteristics.

Follow ancient teachings. In the Ming Dynasty, in "Biography of Puyang Literature Ji Zheng", it was said: "The Zheng family is a model, eating together at the same door, planting trees to cure diseases, celebrating weddings and funerals, and learning public courtesy." In Puxian folk, almost all surnames have similar family rules. Generally speaking, a big house is a family, and the neighbors in the house are relatives of others. Members of a family can generally consciously safeguard the unity of their own interests. Even if there are contradictions and disputes, the patriarch will preside over mediation or arbitration. Since the Republic of China, in some more enlightened areas, it has gradually become popular for new owners to build new houses, but those who move out will never give up a property they occupy in the old house. For Pu, the old man is his cradle, and giving it up means betraying his family.

Worship ancestors. The custom of Putian people is to worship ancestral tablets in the hall. After the Ming Dynasty, although some clansmen built ancestral halls, most close relatives and ancestors could only be enshrined in their own halls. Sacrifice to the taboo of life and death on holidays is held in the main hall. Even if you move to Xincuo, you can't move your ancestral tablets together. Therefore, it is convenient for the whole family to worship their ancestors and pray for their shadow.

Enjoy * *. According to the custom of Putian, each hall belongs to one's own and cannot be distributed to any ethnic group. All family members have the right to hold a "crown wedding and funeral sacrifice" in the hall. For example, ceremonies such as men's marriage, hanging "showing virtue", visiting churches, wedding banquets, newly married wives leaving the hall, and meeting elders are all held in the hall; If the old man is critically ill, he should first move to the berth on the edge of the hall; If the old man dies of illness, the mourning hall behind the mourning hall is the place where the coffin was parked before the funeral. After the funeral, it is still necessary to erect a monument and set up a seat (male and female cards) for the deceased in the mourning hall until the "July 7" (49 days).

Guard against thieves. Putian ancient building regulations were the product of the turbulent social environment at that time. In order to prevent the intrusion of thieves, unite the strength of all ethnic groups and protect the safety of families, the regulations on family-style ancient buildings came into being. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were more than ten square castle-style earth buildings in Xianyuanzhuang mountain area. Some earth buildings are divided into three floors, with a height of16.5m and a side length of 20m and 21.6m respectively. The bottom of the three-layer soil barrier wall is white, with a thickness of 65,438+0.24m, and gradually approaches the top, with a thickness of 0.99m..

Due to the reflection of common life and immigrants, many surnames and place names have come into being. According to statistics, there are 23 1 surnames and place names in Putian, accounting for 1 1.7% of all place names. Basically there are more coastal areas than mountain plains. Among them, there are 35 stones, accounting for 30% of the total place names in this town. Loyal people wear their heads second. Hushi is the only place where Putian ancestors moved eastward to the coast. There are 53 surnames used as place names, among which Lin is the most, followed by Zheng and Huang. When moving, it is usually a family or a family's behavior. These immigrants may come from other provinces, provinces or their own counties. Surnames and place names often reflect the facts of ancient immigrants. Can be divided into the following aspects.

1, last name plus "CuO". "CuO" in Putian dialect refers to "house and home", which can be used for place names. Place names with surnames plus "CuO", such as "ChenCuO" refers to "Chen family" or "Chen family", can be used as village names, similar to "Gaojiazhuang" and "Shigezhuang" in other provinces. In ancient times, immigrants lived in groups, and they often named their new places of residence (or neighbors' names) with surnames and "measures". Later, the family population doubled and the number of houses increased, forming settlements and becoming geographical entities, and surnames plus "measures" became place names.

2, the location word plus the surname. These directional words are "up, down, back, east and west", which can reflect the time sequence of settlement formation. If a branch of the family or a non-blood surname chooses to build another house not far away, the house built later will be named after the locality word and surname to show the difference. For example, there are Zheng Cuo-Hou Zheng and Pan Cuo-Hou Pan. Houses generally face south, and "back" is actually "north", such as "back hall" in many places. Loyal ministers include Zhuo CuO-Xia Zhuo, Daitou has Wu CuO-Wu Xia, and Han Jiang's Xu Xia.

3. Place names consisting of only two surnames, such as Huang Zheng and Li. Z, Gao Zhu,,, Su Wu.

4. Sometimes there are several surnames in a small area, such as Pan Cuo, Hou Pan and Dong Pan in Zhongmen; The post-temperature, temperature and plum of Daitou; The upper yellow, the lower yellow and the eastern yellow at the end of the Western Heaven.

5. Surnames plus geographical names representing landforms. How village, regular class and Pan 'an (orchard) are equivalent to "Qujiawan and Zhujiaping" in other places.

/Tianyacheng/content/92/1/556396.shtml