Australian immigrants in Guiyang

Return to the motherland and the last capital.

In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Tusi system was the Jimi system, and the counties controlled by the Tusi were called Jimi states, observing the principle of "hereditary duty, protecting its land and protecting its people for a long time". In Jimmy County, ordinary people don't have to pay taxes to the central government except that tribal leaders need to pay tribute to the capital regularly.

Since the Tusi system in Yuan Dynasty, local Tusi have to pay taxes to the central government, but they are not directly collected by the central tax officials, but collected by the Tusi themselves and handed over to the central government by the Tusi.

In the Yuan Dynasty, there were four chieftain families in Guizhou, except Bozhou Yangtusi and Sizhou Tiantusi. The other two leaders are Shuixi 'an and Shuidong Songshi mentioned above.

According to the strength of the toast and the size of the territory it controlled, Yuan divided the toast into Xuanwei Division, Pingding Division and Changle Division. There are more than 300 large and small toasts in Guizhou, and there are also many small toasts in Guiyang under the military and civilian appeasement department of Shunyuan Road.

The toast system in Ming dynasty was more strict. The people under the jurisdiction of the chieftain are registered as "civilian households" and "military households" respectively, and are under the jurisdiction of the Chief Secretary and the Commander-in-Chief. Many health centers built by the Ming army along the post road were under the jurisdiction of the chieftain and did not command each other.

In the fifth year of Hongwu (1372), Shuidong 'an entered the DPRK together with Shuisong's * *, and Ming merged Shuixi and Shuidong into one, becoming the propaganda department of Guizhou. Anna generation is a propaganda ambassador, and Song generation is propaganda and comfort. In the 11th year of Yongle (14 13), after the establishment of the Chief Secretary of Guizhou, the land tax system was gradually integrated with the whole country, but all the grain difference in the Tusi area was still claimed by the Tusi and then gradually shared by the natives.

Shuidong Songshi Wharf Zhai

In the first year of the Apocalypse (162 1), the Ming Dynasty tried to mobilize 10,000 troops from Xi 'an to help the war, but it was stopped for fear of causing conflict. It is also prepared to transfer 30,000 troops from Yongning, a country that has always loved to kill water in Xi 'an, to help Liao. Yongning's country is wearing a tie and a son-in-law Fan Long to rebel. In the second year of the Apocalypse, Anbang in Shuixi 'an embraced my nephew and put him in a position to respond to the extravagant Chongming.

In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), Tongzhi Song in Guizhou was dismissed, and the twelve horseheads of Shuidong Song directly under the territorial waters (now Qingzhen in Guiyang) diverted to Kaizhou (now Kaiyang in Guiyang).

After the Qing Dynasty occupied the north, from the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644) to the second year of Hong Guang (1646), the old ministers of the Ming Dynasty successively established the Hong Guang regime established by the Axe King in Nanjing, Shaoxing regime in Shaoxing with Lu Wang as the supervisor, Longwu regime in Fuzhou with Tang Wang as the emperor, Li Yong regime in Zhaoqing, Guangdong, and Shaowu regime in Guangzhou with Tang Wangdi as the emperor. With the support of the old ministers of the Ming Dynasty and the remnants of the Xiliang Army, the Li Yong regime persisted until the 15th year of Li Yong (166 1) before it was wiped out by the Qing army. Other regimes, either busy fighting for orthodoxy or fighting for power and profits among their supporters, soon failed under the offensive of the Qing Dynasty.

In the short fifteen years that witnessed the final decline of the Ming Dynasty, there were four years (165 1- 1656), and Guiyang existed as the capital of the perpetual dynasty in the southern Ming Dynasty.

1646, Hong Guang dynasty and Longwu regime were defeated one after another. Ding Kuichu, Qu Shi and Wang Huacheng, former governors of Guangdong and Guangxi, set up Zhu Youlang, Wang Gui, as the supervisor in Zhaoqing, Guangdong, and with the support of He Tengjiao, governor of Huguang, officially set up the Ghost King as the supervisor on 1646 10/4, and soon became emperor, taking 1647 as the forever.

In the same year of the second year, Zhang was killed by the Qing court, and Li Dingguo and four men returned to the Ming Dynasty to fight against the Qing court. For three years, Sun Kewang marched from Chongqing to Tongzi County, Zunyi, defeated the fortification of the Ming army in Wujiang River, crossed Wujiang River, then conquered Huishui County, which borders Guizhou and Guiyang and Anshun, and then conquered Guiyang. It is expected that it will go to Guangxi to join the Li Yong Dynasty in Wang Gui.

Coincided with the Yunnan rebellion, Shiping Tusilong sought help in other places. Sun Kewang suddenly changed his plan and marched into Yunnan. With Sun Kewang's personality as a rat with two heads out, the reason for his sudden change of plans is probably because Sun Kewang saw the opportunity to expand his territory. He probably only used the Ghost King and the Li Yong court as political chips from the beginning.

After the occupation of Yunnan by the Western Army, Sun Kewang called himself King Pingtung, and soon he called himself "King". He even produced "Bao Tong of the Prosperous Dynasty" with the help of calendar year. Under the planning of Yang, the former ambassador of Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty, he returned to power and became a vassal, but he still insisted on asking the court for the title of "King of Qin".

From 1647 to 1650, He Tengjiao's capture failed, Guilin fell, Li Yong's Ming army had lost most of it, and only Sun Kewang with a dagger in his heart was still showing mercy to him. Li Yong's imperial court has nowhere to go. In December of the fifth year of Li Yong, the Kong Youde Department of the Qing army advanced on Nanning. In the first month of the sixth year of Li Yong, Wang Gui arrived in Guangnan. Sun Kewang sent company commander Wang Aixiu to pick up the driver. The book says: I went to a remote place in Guangdong, and I was invited again, but I was not allowed to do it ... I thought and thought, only the battlements of the three provincial capitals of Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangdong, where Anlong is located, were strong and the food was repaired.

In the first month of the fifth year of Li Yong, a group set out from Guangnan, and after more than ten days' trekking, they arrived at Anlong, which is hundreds of kilometers away from Guiyang (now in Qianxi Autonomous Prefecture, Anlong is not on the five major post roads in Guizhou built by Yuan, and this resettlement plan can also be seen that the plan to replace Nanming was planned long ago), and they sat alone in Guiyang, officially beginning the history of the dynasty in Guiyang.

Guiyang, the capital of Li Yong regime in Southern Ming Dynasty, was briefly established.

In the second year of Li Yong, in order to break the siege of Yunnan and Guizhou by the Qing army, Sun Kewang stayed in Yunnan, Li Dingguo led a hundred thousand troops to March to Hunan, and Liu Wenxiu led a fifty thousand troops to March to Sichuan. Liu He was evenly matched. Liu joined forces with Yibin, Leshan and Chengdu-Chongqing. Li Dingguo attacked Hunan in two ways, and then joined forces with Guangxi to capture the whole territory of Guangxi, forcing Kong Youde to set himself on fire and die in Guilin.

When Sun Kewang saw Li Dingguo's impressive record, he became suspicious and worried that his position would be threatened. In the same year, Sun Kewang transferred the troops that occupied Sichuan to Guizhou and marched into Hunan. Li Yong seven to eight years, Li Dingguo fought in Guangdong and Guangxi, and won many battles, while Sun Kewang repeatedly designed a plot to attack Li Dingguo, but all failed.

Sun Kewang returned to Guiyang, trying to get his coveted throne. In the spring of the eighth year of Li Yong, Emperor Li Yong sent someone to call Li Dingguo to Enron to enter the guard, but Sun Kewang noticed that all the eighteen ministers who planned this matter were put to death on charges of "stealing treasures and changing the imperial edict, deceiving the monarch and wronging the country". Except Wu Yuzhen, who was hanged under the mediation of Li Yong, everyone else was executed this year.

In June of the same year, Sun Kewang rushed to Kunming to claim the title of emperor, but failed because the size of the crown was too narrow. In the ninth year of Li Yong, Guan Youcai was sent to Nanning to attack Li Dingguo. After defeating Guan Youcai, Li Dingguo arrived in Anlong in Li Yong for ten years, escorting Emperor Li Yong from Panxian to Yunnan, ending the history of Li Yong regime in Guiyang.

Finally, the Li Yong regime was defeated by Wu Sangui who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. With the stability of the Qing Dynasty, the Southwest Tusi came to an end.

In the seventeenth year of Shunzhi (1660), Wu Sangui's point of view was that "An Kun, a Tusi in the west of the water, has long held different thoughts, and it is bound to be bad to hear that ghosts and gods are being sacrificed". The King's Meeting in Qing Dynasty recognized "An Kun, Shui Xi Tusi, Long, Wu Sa, Ou Tusi, An Chongsheng, etc.". Willing to be obedient and rebellious, not enterprising. It should be carefully planned as required, and the camera will be annihilated. "

In the third year of Kangxi, the Qing court ordered Wu Sangui to attack Shuixi, ten armies besieged it, captured Ankun and Anchongsheng, and completely abolished Shuixi Tusi. In four years, Wu Sangui requested that the toast of Shuixi and Wusha be changed to Dading, Pingyuan, Qianxi and Weining. When Wu Sangui rebelled, An Shengzu, the posthumous son of Shuixi Tusi An Kun, got the support of the clansmen and led the troops to help clear up the rebellion. The Qing court restored Shuixi Tusi, but An Shengzu had no children. According to the policy of stopping attacking the childless chieftain, Shuixi chieftain completely withdrew from the historical stage of Guizhou.

After the fall of Wu Sangui regime, the chieftain system continued to develop in the direction of centralization. In the early Qing Dynasty, the policy of "Yunnan-Guizhou Tusi followed its customs for the time being" was adopted, but in order to restrict Tusi, four measures were still implemented:

First, strictly regulate the inheritance system to prevent disputes and attacks on chieftains. The second is to make it clear that the toast has three major obligations: "only tribute, only tribute, and only soldiers." The third is to use the central civil servants to audit the work of Tusi. "If you make meritorious deeds, you will be punished; if you are guilty, you will be punished", and you will be assessed once every three years. Fourthly, the "jiangmiao Ban" was promulgated, stipulating that chiefs must be controlled by officials at the same level. In addition, it is stipulated that the heir of the toaster should stop attacking, and the guilty toaster should be demoted or removed from his post.

In the fourth year of Yongzheng, E Ertai, the governor of Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi, published the book Gai Tu Gui Liu. The general principle of changing the land into the stream is to cut the big and save the small, clean up all the toast fields, and all the people will enter the households. The toast against the central power will be resolutely abolished. Compared with the previous generation, the Tusi regime in Guizhou and Yunnan has declined to the lowest point in history.

Mixed folk customs in eleven provinces

Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Guiyang has become a city with a history of 400 years of immigration, and the customs of Guiyang are mixed with immigrants from various provinces.

These foreigners have brought their local beliefs to Guiyang in nine halls in the above eleven provinces, and none of them has a dominant position in culture. This is also the reason why Guiyang people can never feel that Guiyang is a cultural city, because the obvious folk customs in the immigrant city have been melted by the city, which does not prevent the culture of immigrants from lying quietly in Guiyang's place names and past history.

Hubei guild hall built Yu Palace because Hubei people worshipped Dayu, and its address is Tianjiaxiang, Guiyang today.

Zilin 'an, a famous area in the old city of Guiyang, was named Zilin 'an because Hunan people were good at building Shoufu Temple. At that time, there was a "Chuheng Mountain Villa" in the suburbs of Guiyang, which was quite beautiful in the fields and became the first gathering place for literati and officialdom in Guiyang in the late Qing Dynasty. During the Anti-Japanese War, the people moved to Chongqing, and immigrants flocked to Guiyang again, opening up Zilin 'an area for foreigners to live in, so Zilin 'an, which has beautiful fields, did not exist.

Today Zilin 'an

The remains of Jiangxi people still exist. Jiangxi people worship Xu Xun, a Taoist priest in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Guiyang has the Wanshou Palace. The Wanshou Palace in Guiyang is located in Taiping Street, and the Wanshou Palace built by Qingyan in Guiyang is also located in Taiping Street, which still exists today.

Sichuanese worship Li Bing and his son, so they built the Chuanzu Temple for Li Bing and his son. Fujian people worship Mazu, and Mazu Tempel is built in Guiyang.

From this record alone, we can see that the Han people are also diverse in their beliefs, and their beliefs also occupy a great position in the spiritual world of the Han people. Otherwise, they will definitely not leave home for Wan Li, and they will sacrifice to the gods in their hometown in the remote southwest hinterland.

As for the old immigrants, they built Yangming Temple and Yindaozhen Temple on Fufeng Mountain in Guiyang. Sacrifice to Wang Yangming, who was writing a sermon in Shuixi's hometown, and Yin Daozhen, a scholar of Guizhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty, to commemorate their great achievements in opening up cultural and educational undertakings in Guizhou.

In addition to the diverse beliefs of the Han nationality, the beliefs of Miao, Buyi and all ethnic minorities around Guiyang also exist in Guiyang.

The "April 8" of the Miao people in Guiyang was the most well-known in the past, but now Guiyang people and even Guiyang Miao people know nothing about it.

According to Guiyang Miao legend, in the Song Dynasty, there was a leader named Gu Rusad Zan who led Miao ancestors to reclaim land occupied by Yi people near Heiyangqing, and died of overwork. His successor, Seru Yujiu, died of overwork, and is said to be buried at the Grand Cross in the center of Guiyang Old Town (the fountain area, where the bronze statue of Zhou Xicheng was located during the Republic of China, is still the financial center and was once the commodity center of Guiyang Old Town). It was agreed that the Miao people near Guiyang, regardless of distance, sex, age and rain, would take glutinous rice to visit the graves at the bronze statue platform and Guangdong Street on April 8 every year. Since then, this activity has gradually taken on the entertainment nature other than sacrifice. On April 8, Miao people in Guiyang will gather near the bronze platform to sing and dance.

The Qingyan, Huaxi and Longli Miao nationalities near Guiyang are also blessed places of anthropology in China. As early as the end of the Qing Dynasty, Torii Ryuzo, a famous anthropologist, went to southwest China for an anthropological investigation in 1902, stayed in Guizhou for 40 days, took a large number of photos of the Miao people in Qingyan and Huaxi, Guizhou, as well as the natural scenery and customs along the way, and published "Investigation and Research on Miao People" after returning home.

A plaque inscribed by Yan

These four people are young people who went out to seek scholars or grew up in other places, and Guiyang and even Guizhou have no ability to train them. Now Guiyang No.1 Middle School is not as good as Liu Gao and Nanning No.2 Middle School in Guangxi, and it is not strong enough to deter high schools in southwest education.

The second big problem is the loose folk customs. People in Guiyang are used to being comfortable and like to have fun. They wear the best clothes and eat two things every day, and their mental outlook is backward. Sometimes they even relax under the pretext of "being good at enjoying life". It is normal for Guiyang people to be nearsighted. Taobao 20 18, Guiyang girls ranked seventh in the online clothing consumption of women in the provincial capital.

Every city life, like an individual's life, has its own mature stage, and of course, like an individual's life, it is fast and slow. Guiyang lives in the plateau mountainous area, and the nutrition of infants and young children has always been insufficient, but Guiyang has just begun, just like a high school student aged 16. Under the conditions of modern science and technology, this nutrition is absolutely sufficient.

Cities, like adults, undoubtedly need time to grow and shine. Although Guiyang people are comfortable and lazy, this city is also the birthplace of Laoganma. Laoganma is brave in fighting, confident in knowing backwardness, persevering and fearless of others' eyes. The spirit of Guiyang people and Guizhou people is also * * *.

People in Guiyang can see that Zhu Qiqian was born in Kaizhou, and Kaizhou was 12 horseheads by the flood in the 7th century. 1940 The plot ratio of houses reclaimed in Nanming District is even comparable to that of Hong Kong. However, with the rich nutrition and hidden tenacity of Guiyang people, Guiyang will never let the world and the future down!