The historical development of wolves

Wolves are gathered into a large group by one or several families and live in groups. If men and women are paired, have good feelings, often live together for a long time, and some even stay together for life, taking care of each other is extremely considerate, which is rare in animals.

Large groups only form in winter; Live alone in summer, or live in a small family.

In winter, because small animals hide and hibernate, they hunt large animals such as deer. But when hunting large animals, it needs group cooperation, so wolves should form larger groups in winter.

In summer, because they have to raise their young, they naturally live in small families in pairs, living in dense forests and deep mountains, and it is difficult to be found.

Therefore, wolves living in the south all the year round are unlikely to form large groups; Only wolves living in the north will form large groups. There are usually 4 to 8 wolves in a wolf pack, but as many as 36 large groups have been found.

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When wolves hunt, they work together. When looking for prey, line up in a single file and move slowly at a speed of 26~40 kilometers per hour.

When a wolf chases its prey, it can catch up with dozens of kilometers and drive it to a very difficult place. They can track their prey until it is exhausted. Therefore, the wolf is a very smart, strong and brave animal.

Game world

Wolves usually have their own hunting areas and special hunting lanes, sometimes as long as 100 km.

Near these passages, there are often all kinds of prey. Wolves often patrol these hunting lanes and paint them with smelly liquid or feces secreted by their bodies as a symbol of their own territory. These hunting grounds are often handed down from generation to generation.

nesting

Wolves use tree holes, caves and grasslands as hiding and roosting places. In the spring breeding season, wolves will build some nests near the hunting grounds. The female wolf is responsible for nesting, and the male wolf assists.

If a wolf builds a nest in a cave, it will first spread some branches in it, and then spread leaves and hair falling from the mother wolf.

Young people

In North America, wolves usually give birth in May. During the 63rd day of pregnancy, 3~6 fetuses can be born at one time, with the highest record of 14 fetuses.

A newborn wolf, weighing 400g, needs 10 days to open his eyes. The little wolf is very much like a puppy, with light blue or dirty brown thick soft hair. It can be weaned in about 4~8 weeks, and then its parents give it semi-digested meat and spit it out.

When I was more than 2 months old, I was able to run out of the nest. When I was 3 months old, I could run around with wolves. After that, I began to learn how to hunt.

When the cub is one year old, it has grown to the size of an adult wolf. He came of age at the age of two or three. The life span of wolves is almost the same as that of dogs, about 12~ 16 years, but wolves raised artificially can live to be 20 years old.

social organizations

Wolves have complex social organizations. After the battle, the strongest male wolf is the leader, and then he and a female wolf form a pair of leaders, who are responsible for patrolling the boundary of the site, solving disputes among members and controlling the migration of the team.

The bottom of social order is often the expelled elements, who live on the edge of the team and live by eating the leftovers of wolves.

The social system of wolves is established and maintained by complex signal language. This signal language includes many movements of the tail, ears, mouth and body, that is, vocalization, which shows the identity and emotions of each member. For example, the strong will tilt their tails and stare at the weak, and the weak will bend their ears and show their throats.

The wolf's secret

A wolf turned pale. Are wolves really terrible? In order to find out the truth, a Swedish biologist once went deep into the wolf's den alone and stayed with wolves for many years, observing, testing and studying nearly 100 wolves in Italy. He often howled with wolves, and gradually understood the language of wolves, revealing the secrets of wolf society.

The biggest feature of wolves is that they flock together. Wolves are used to sniffing around, judging their neighbors and knowing how to get along. Wolves have a keen sense of smell and are not easily deceived. It likes collective action. Once they find animals that can be hunted, they will attack in droves. Thirty or fifty hungry wolves whizzed past the snowy fields where the wind roared, which was unmatched by any animal. A bear weighing several hundred kilograms was once seen being chased by wolves and barking wildly. At last, the wolves swarmed and tore it to pieces. When sharing their prey, wolves devour each other greedily and never fight for food.

Among wolves, only one pair enjoys the highest status. They are the leaders of wolves. The highest-ranking male wolf is busy all day maintaining the peace of wolves, calming down disputes and restraining the combatants. The female wolf in the position of queen is the manager who dominates all the affairs of wolves. The throne was won through the struggle of "election" They often fought bloody battles for the position of leader. The power struggle between female wolves is even fiercer than that between male wolves. Only the most authoritative "queen" has the privilege of being a mother. Therefore, the "Queen" always closely monitors the love life of other female wolves. If the female wolf has contact with the male wolf, she will be bitten black and blue.

The "queen" is extremely gentle to her suitors and never picky. Usually she will have an affair with the male wolves at lower levels, so that her future children can be taken care of by these male wolves. Only in estrus, under the leadership of the female wolf, will the female wolf mate with the highest-ranking male wolf.

The wolf's young son began to play out of the nest soon after he was born, and soon learned the wolf's language. The wolf grimaced and howled loudly. Wolves howl in different tones, forming different contact signals and keeping in touch with hunting companions. Wolves in the distance also howl to tell their companions where they are. Wolves also often howl to show their collective strength. They often get together and howl like a song party.

Since Wide Reading (Essays on Scientific Knowledge of Literature and History) 8 1 page, People's Daily Publishing House.

Four, Wolf child, bear child, leopard child, deer child

India's "Wolf Child" Ramu died on1February 28th, 986. There are more than 50 "animal children" found in the world. The earliest recorded discovery was 1344, a "wolf child" in the deep mountains of Germany. In addition to the "wolf children" raised by wolves, there are also various "animal children" raised by other animals. 176 1 year, some Hungarian hunters found a mother "Xiong Haizi" playing with some bears in a cave in the deep mountains.

1923, Indian hunters killed a female leopard and found two cubs and a five-year-old "leopard" in the leopard cave. This "leopard" can only crawl on all fours, and the skin of the whole body becomes thick and full of scars due to friction. When he sees chickens and ducks, he will pounce on them, tear them up and eat them alive.

1975, a French explorer found a "deer boy" with black hair in a forest area in Africa. He followed the deer and jumped on all fours.

Species of deer in New Zealand

At present, there are more than 5,000 deer farms in New Zealand. The number of deer on hand is 6.5438+0.8 million, ranking first in the world.

New Zealand's "deer immigrants" include European red deer, North American red deer, sika deer, Indian water deer, Southeast Asian black deer, South Asian flower deer, European deer and North American white-tailed deer. European red deer: 185 1 year, the first deer was introduced to New Zealand. Those are some red deer from Europe; 1923, 1000 European red deer were introduced to new Zealand, scattered in about 50 locations in the south and north islands. North American red deer: 1870, North American red deer was introduced to Dunedin, South Island; 1905 In March, 18 North American red deer was introduced.

Sika deer: 1885, the first three sika deer were taken to Dunedin, but they soon lost their voices and were probably shot. The second batch of sika deer was introduced from Wubang Temple in England in 1905. Water deer: 1875 A pair of water deer were introduced from Sri Lanka and raised in canavan. To 1880, due to proper protection, it reached 30. /Black Deer:1907165438+10. It was introduced and released in Rotorua, but it was mistaken for a water deer. Lu Hua: In 1867, seven Rhubarb flowers from Moben were released to Otago, South Island, and increased to 100 in10, but were hunted by settlers between 1890- 19 10. Tianlu: During the period of 1860- 19 10, at least 24 companies introduced to New Zealand. Up to 1980, there are still 13 wild populations. White-tailed deer, North America: 190 1 year, the first batch of 2 males and 2 females in white-tailed deer were put into Taka Valley, but failed; 1905, and the other nine were brought from New Hampshire, USA.

Wolves and deer

The wolf is ferocious, the deer is docile, the wolf is a villain, and the deer is the object of people's pity. This is the wolf and deer we know from fairy tales, so how do wolves and deer live separately in the real forest? What's the connection between them?

This is a story about the ecological balance between wolves and deer. The text tells the story that 100 years ago, residents of Kaibabu forest killed wolves and other natural enemies of deer to protect the deer in the forest. As a result, contrary to expectations, a large number of deer died of illness and the forest was seriously damaged. It tells people that things are closely related, and destroying the ecological balance will bring unimaginable disasters to the environment. Wolves and dogs are relatives, and they look alike in appearance, but wolves are a little bigger than dogs, and their body hair is generally grayish yellow, sometimes the color varies from place to place. The wolf's figure is very thin, its four legs are very long, and its tail drags between its two hind legs and rarely swings. People call it a wooden tail. Its nose is a little sharper than that of a dog, its mouth is a little wider, its eyes are a little oblique and its ears are straight. Looks like losing face and is one of the main pests in animal husbandry.

Wolves are fierce, alert, suspicious and cunning. In addition, their hearing, sight and smell are very keen, and they move in groups. Therefore, in pastoral areas, when shepherds are negligent, they often rush in to kill the sheep or take them away. Moreover, they will kill sheep, deer, roe deer and poultry by ambush and siege, and even hurt people's lives. Because wolves do great harm to people, some countries even kill wolves by helicopter. However, some scientists believe that wolves play a certain role in the ecological balance of nature. Because wolves are good at hunting unhealthy individuals in antelopes and deer herds, they objectively play the role of natural selection.

Wolves are distributed in Europe, Asia and North America and live in mountainous areas. Plains, forests and tundra, even mountains as high as 5000 meters, are the most abundant in the open Yuan Ye. Usually solitary or hermaphrodite, they often gather in groups in winter, generally more than 10 per group.

Wolves' fur can be made into fur coats, mattresses and hats.

Deer water deer

Habitat: Broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, shrub forest, grassy slope at forest edge in middle and low mountain areas.

Predation: eat leaves and grass with your mouth.

Food: stems, leaves, flowers and fruits of many plants.

Body shape: body length 1.8 ~ 2 meters, tail length about 24 cm. The female deer weighs about 120kg. Step-down180kg.

Habits: like to live in groups, often in pairs or in groups of 3 ~ 5 people. Lie in the tall grass during the day or rest in the forest, and come out at night. There are often cries at night, and activities are more frequent in rainy days. Alert by nature, good at running and jumping. I like swimming in the water, and I often take a mud bath in the mire, especially in summer, so I can swim several kilometers easily. Have the habit of licking saline soil. Water deer has been domesticated in Yunnan and Hainan for a long time.

Classification: Mammals, Artiodactyla, Cervidae.

Distribution: Mountainous areas of Yunnan. South of the Yangtze River in China.

Protection: The second-class key protected animals in China.

Wolves originated in the New World in the middle Pliocene about 5 million years ago, and differentiated and developed in the Middle Pleistocene about1500,000 years ago. For centuries, wolves have been one of the most notorious species among all wild animals. It is hated and feared by people. However, many of them are rooted in historical misunderstandings.

In the Middle Ages, European princes and nobles liked to keep wolves in the court, and the sooner the better. They think that wolves are great hunters and warriors with both wisdom and courage. Later, in order to make wolves look more imposing, people consciously let wolves cross with big dogs. As a result, the German shepherd with changeable temperament, tall and fierce, and particularly aggressive appeared. They committed crimes in villages and towns, but their notoriety fell on wolves.

Before human prosperity, wolves were the most widely distributed wild animals in the world. With the prosperity of mankind and misunderstanding of wolves, wolves gradually withdrew from people's vision. Today, only in Alaska, Minnesota and parts of Canada live a considerable number of wolves.

According to historical data, although there are a large number of records of wolves attacking livestock and humans in Europe, there are almost no records of wolves attacking humans in the North American continent where wolves gather. The current view is that wolves and people can live in harmony. In fact, in the long years before human prosperity, people and wolves in Ceng Heping looked at each other in awe rather than fear, and both sides respected each other's social order and hunting skills.

When the ancient people painted the image of the wolf on the stone wall, their hearts were full of surprises; Eskimos and Indians have long recognized the excellent characteristics of wolves, and many Indian tribes have chosen wolves as their totems. They respect the courage, wisdom and amazing skills of wolves, and they cherish the existence of wolves. They even think that wolves can compete with almost everything on earth except shotguns, poisons and traps.

Today, through the in-depth study of wolves, people's views have changed a lot. They found that wolves have many unique qualities and realized that wolves are very different from other animals. They represent primitive life and wildness, free nature and courage to conquer the world, which is exactly what human beings need.

team spirit

Wolves usually live in groups, and a group of wolves is usually 7-8 horses. The tacit cooperation between wolves has become the decisive factor for the success of wolves. No matter what they do, they can always rely on the strength of the group to complete it.

patience

The patience of wolves is always amazing. They can remember many subtle personality characteristics and habits of the target group through several days of follow-up observation, so as to identify the most vulnerable people.

curiosity

Wolves' curiosity about the environment can always make them learn new things and enjoy life.

attitude

The wolf's attitude is very simple, that is, the unswerving yearning for success. They can concentrate on those actions that can help them achieve their goals. Even if the chance of success is only one in ten, their attitude is that success will definitely come, and as a result, success does come.

fail

Wolves may be considered as the most efficient hunting machine in nature. Although they often fail, they always believe that success will come, and their skills are getting more and more perfect because they have experienced the test of failure. They never stop doing trivial things. They travel thousands of miles every year in search of prey and pay attention to all clues. Failure is a state of mind, not a reality; Failure is a feeling and success is an ideal.

Good communication

Wolves are one of the most communicative animals. For wolves, the art of communication lies in keeping an eye on all kinds of communication methods. The complex and elaborate communication system between wolves enables them to constantly adjust their strategies and tactics to achieve success.

To chisel/work persistently

Before human prosperity, wolves were the most widely distributed wild animals in the world. They don't need charity from others, they just want to live in their own social order and lifestyle without being disturbed. Because of this persistence, they are almost extinct from the earth. However, they still persevere and wander freely in more remote and remote places, even if they need to adapt to worse climate and worse environment.

There is often a wolf with the lowest status among wolves. It is the weakest wolf in the pack. All aspects are put in the last place, but if you survive, you can often become a very good wolf. Because of perseverance, I have experienced greater tempering and accumulated more perfect skills.

Strategic vision

Wolves never run, scream or bark around their prey aimlessly. They will always formulate appropriate strategies and implement them through constant communication with each other. When the critical moment comes, every wolf understands his role and accurately understands the collective expectation.

Wolves never rely on luck. They are always fully sure of what they want to do. The cohesion, team spirit and training of wolves have become the decisive factors that determine their life and death. Because of this, wolves are rarely really threatened by other animals.

match

The game runs through every wolf's life, and it almost becomes the reason for the wolf's life. Through games, wolves know how to communicate and cooperate with their companions and improve their skills in getting food. As a result, their bodies become stronger and their will stronger. Because they have honed their skills in games all their lives, they can get twice the result with half the effort.

Survival and death

The death of an adult wolf often endangers the whole wolf pack, and the accumulation of safe nests for raising cubs, routes often taken by prey and reliable water sources may disappear with the death of the first wolf. Fortunately, the older wolves will continue to teach the younger wolves and provide them with opportunities to cope with failure, learn and step into leadership positions, because they are deeply aware that the younger generation is their future. Therefore, the death of the intelligent wolf, although causing losses, will not cause fatal damage to the wolves, because the little wolf has grown up and made full preparations.

loyal

Wolves are always passionate and loyal to the families, groups and organizations on which they live. They play games, cooperate with hunting and protect each other. The purpose of their survival is to ensure the survival of wolves.

change

Wolves' ability to control change makes them one of the most tenacious animals on earth. Wolves will automatically change the breeding speed according to the space for obtaining prey, so as to keep the number of wolves at an appropriate level; Over the years, the wolf's prey has been constantly changing, but the wolf can skillfully adapt to the available prey and survive tenaciously. Of course, what has never changed is the wolf's free, intelligent and tenacious nature.

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