Advantages and disadvantages of immigration frontier defense

Friends who have seen the Hanwu Emperor must be deeply saddened by the scene of King Jing's tearful beheading of Chao Cuo. People regard the untimely death of Jia Yi, a young talent, and the unjust death of Chao Cuo as two major political tragedies in Wenjing Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Jing was forced to behead his teacher in order to stabilize the country, but it was a different scene in the official history.

Chao Cuo was a very outstanding politician in the Western Han Dynasty. He used to be Qi's teacher. He was far-sighted and resourceful, and was highly valued by Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty.

Foreign Chao Cuo put forward a series of policies to defend the Huns, and internally put forward the policy of reducing vassals and consolidating the central government. It can be said that Chao Cuo contributed to the long-term stability of Liu Jiangshan. However, Chao Cuo, who was deeply trusted by Emperor Han Jing, came to a close. So what caused Jingdi to kill his teacher?

Does Chao Cuo belong to Qi? Think tank?

Chao Cuo was born in Yingchuan (now Yuxian County, Henan Province). He was born in the seventh year of Emperor Gaozu (the first 200 years). Chao Cuo studied under Zhang Hui when he was young. The art of applying for industrial and commercial punishment? , that is, legalism.

During the reign of Emperor Wen, Chao Cuo was appointed as a leader for his outstanding talents. Later, the court needed talents to study Shangshu, and Chao Cuo was sent to Jinan to study Shangshu with Fu Sheng, that is, Confucianism. Upon learning of this, he was appointed as the Prince's Sheren and became an official in the Prince's Mansion.

Under normal circumstances, the emperor will choose a man of noble character to take the post of Prince Scheeren, hoping that his training can infect the Prince and set a good example for him. Later, Chao Cuo was promoted to be a doctor.

I thought the prince was a doctor, doctor, doctor. Hanshu? Biography of Yuan Ang and Chao Cuo.

Doctors in ancient times are different from doctors today. Today's doctors are only academic titles, and ancient doctors are mainly responsible for compiling works and keeping the documents and files of the imperial court.

When Chao Cuo became a doctor, he wrote a letter to Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, mainly saying that the prince should be familiar with politics, make the courtiers loyal to the emperor, and not let them cheat the monarch. Finally, the prince should know how to appease the people.

Chao Cuo's implication is how to let the emperor learn to control ministers and people. Emperor Wen greatly appreciated it after reading it, and worshipped it as the imperial edict of the prince, asking him to teach the prince to learn politics. Later, Chao Cuo won the trust and admiration, and Liu Qi gave him a nickname? Think tank? .

Chao Cuo has made great contributions to the consolidation of border defense.

In the 11th year of Emperor Wendi (BC 169), the border of Han Dynasty was repeatedly invaded by Xiongnu, and Emperor Wendi sent troops to crusade against Xiongnu. Chao Cuo took this opportunity to write another book called "On Military Affairs", mainly describing Chao Cuo's military views, such as how to lead troops to fight and how to deal with Xiongnu in the north. Chao Cuo thoroughly analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of Xiongnu and Han army, and Wendi was very satisfied with it.

Chao Cuo was very happy after receiving the reward from Emperor Wen, and then he wrote a very practical letter, namely "Guarding the Border and Encouraging Agriculture". This time, Chao Cuo mainly talked about how to guard the border and prevent the Huns from harassing, which was helpful to the thorny problems faced by the Han Dynasty at that time.

When Emperor Wendi was in power, the most troublesome thing for him was the Xiongnu issue. At that time, in order to prevent the Huns from invading, Emperor Wendi arranged for troops to be stationed in several places on the border. The Huns sent people back and forth to observe. Once it is found that there are not many Han troops stationed, attack immediately. The troops sent by the Han dynasty had no time to support them. When the Han army arrived, the Huns ran away, wasting a lot of resources.

Chao Cuo pointed out that since the Qin Dynasty, there have been some problems in the method of guarding the border. He thinks it is not feasible to send domestic farmers to guard the frontier frequently, because they don't know the situation in the frontier at all, and many farmers who have served in military service have died on their way to the frontier. In everyone's opinion, defending the frontier is undoubtedly sentenced to death, and the Huns are nomadic people, so it is difficult to know their future destination.

Chao Cuo proposed that immigrants should be rewarded and compensated by conferring titles and exempting punishment, that is, mainland immigrants should be allowed to settle in the border for a long time, criminals can be exempted from punishment when they go, and people can be given generous titles when they go, exempt from labor and rent taxes, and let them build houses for them to marry.

Of course, such a good treatment is not given by the state for nothing. Xiongnu invasion needs tenacious resistance, but they can share half of the spoils.

Therefore, Sun Tzu's Art of War says: There are winners, but there are no winners. ? From this point of view, it is a good general to make meritorious deeds in Anbian, and you must choose. Talk about military affairs

In the fifteenth year of Emperor Wendi (BC 165), Emperor Wendi ordered his ministers to recommend wise men, and Chao Cuo was elected wise men. In view of these top students, Wendi personally gave a question and conducted a strategy exam. Among more than 100 candidates, Chao Cuo has the best strategy and won the first place. Was promoted to traditional Chinese medicine by Wendi. After Jingdi ascended the throne, Chao Cuo was very appreciated by Jingdi and was promoted to an ancient bachelor's degree.

Advocating reducing the number of vassals will lead to your death.

How did the rulers before Qin and Han dynasties practice it? Feudalism? After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he abolished the feudal system and replaced it with the county system.

After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang believed that Qin Ershi's death was mainly due to the failure to seal his children as princes, and the central government was killed and isolated. So what was implemented in the early Han Dynasty? County and township parallel? That is, the county system is implemented around the capital, and the feudal system is implemented in remote areas.

So Liu bang enfeoffed some vassal States in remote areas. What is this called? Guo Fan? Of course, not everyone can crack the king. Before he died, Liu Bang vowed to be king in order to stabilize Liu Jiangshan. Unless Liu was blocked, was it safe for the princes with the same surname?

The vassal States are independent. They have independent financial revenues and independent armies. It's hard to say when the vassal States are gradually developed and can compete with the central authorities.

In the face of the growing vassal state, many ministers of Wenjing Dynasty proposed to reduce the vassal state, among which Chao Cuo was the most famous. Chao Cuo served as a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in Wendi's time, and once asked Wendi to cut the vassal states, especially the prince of Wu and Liu Bi, so why cut the kingdom of Wu?

When Emperor Wendi was in power, he encouraged the people to cast money and cook salt. At that time, there was a copper mine under the jurisdiction of Wu, which mined copper and made money to get rich. According to historical records:? Wu and Deng have money all over the world. ? In addition, the kingdom of Wu is near the sea, and cooking salt is not a small financial income.

After Wu Wang ascended the throne, he carried out a series of policies to win the hearts of the people and develop the military. Therefore, Wu is not only strong in military strength, but also won the hearts of the people.

Chao Cuo thought that the kingdom of Wu was the strongest, and he strongly advocated cutting the vassal, but was rejected by the Chinese Emperor. After Emperor Jingdi ascended the throne, Chao Cuo continued to advocate cutting the vassal. At first, Emperor Jing and his ministers disagreed. They were worried that cutting the vassal would force Liu Bi to oppose it. Chao Cuo thought that no matter whether it was cut or not, the result would be the same, and the prince of Wu would oppose it. It's better to take advantage of Wu's fledgling opportunity and attack it.

Upon hearing this, Emperor Jing of Han adopted Chao Cuo's policy of reducing vassals, which led to the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion with Wu Chu, and Liu Ying, the king of Wu, entered the war? Jun Qing side, so the thief minister Chao Cuo? The flag of rebellion.

Later, Emperor Jingdi listened to Yuan Ang and thought that the prince of Wu was at war? Kill Chao Cuo? The banner of the uprising was not directed at himself. As long as Chao Cuo died, the prince would withdraw.

So what's the hatred between Yuan Ang and Chao Cuo? Why did he kill Chao Cuo?

All this is caused by cutting the vassal. Yuan Ang has always been at odds with Chao Cuo, and they never talk together.

After Chao Cuo was promoted to an imperial envoy, he sent someone to find out that Yuan Ang had received a large amount of property from the prince of Wu (Yuan Ang was previously Wu Guoxiang), and Yuan Ang said that the prince of Wu would not rebel, which was in conflict with Chao Cuo's policy of reducing vassal states. So Yuan Ang was demoted as a civilian by Jingdi.

Later, the prince of Wu and Liu Bi really rebelled. Chao Cuo believed that Yuan Ang had accepted bribes from the prince of Wu and deliberately covered up his rebellion ambition, so he strongly advocated that Yuan Ang should be held accountable. Yuan Ang was frightened.

So Yuan Ang found Han Jing and suggested that as long as he killed Chao Cuo, pardoned the rebels and restored their fiefs, he could quell the rebellion without a single soldier.

As a result, Jing Di believed it. According to Zi Zhi Tong Jian, about ten days later, Jingdi directed and performed a play. He instructed Prime Minister Tao Qing, Captain Chen Jia and Tingwei Ou Zhang to jointly impeach Chao Cuo. Is there no way to oppose the death of detained officials and the death of detained officials? Accused, Chao Cuo went with her, and then approved the ministers' memorial.

More than ten days later, the superior ordered the Prime Ministers Qing, Jia and Ting Weiou to be dislocated. I don't want to be honest, I want to spare the ministers and the people, and I want to give the city to Wu. There are no courtiers and courtiers, and there is no way to violate it. If it's wrong, cut it, and parents, wives and the same property will be abandoned. ? Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government

At this time, Chao Cuo did not know that he was about to face a catastrophe. Did Cindy send Captain Chen Jiayi? Going to court? They didn't even have a chance to defend Chao Cuo on the grounds that Chao Cuo was tricked into beheading in Dongcheng, Chang 'an, so Chao Cuo was killed unjustly and the Chao Cuo family was exterminated.

As a result, killing Chao Cuo did not make the seven countries retreat. Jingdi realized that he had been cheated. The rebels were targeting him, not Chao Cuo.

To sum up, Emperor Han Jing was a famous monarch, but beheading Chao Cuo was particularly hypocritical. It can be seen that Emperor Han Jing was not a thoughtful emperor. He lacked strategy, acted impulsively and killed Chao Cuo by mistake blindly. Killing Chao Cuo is not good for the country and the imperial city. Instead, it makes those loyal subjects dare not tell.

As we all know, Chao Cuo advocated the separatist regime of vassal states in order to restrict the powerful vassal states and consolidate the central political power.

In fact, reading history shows that in feudal society, the more centralized the power, the more stable the regime, and the more decentralized the power, the easier it is for the country to split. Chao Cuo advocated cutting princes, which showed his foresight and loyalty.

When Chao Cuo advocated cutting the vassal, his father told him to mind his own business. Liu Guogu, Chao's family was unlucky, but Chao Cuo said he didn't do it. Liu's country was unstable, which showed that Chao Cuo was loyal to the Han Dynasty.

Later, Emperor Jingdi didn't hold Yuan Ang responsible for misleading, saying that Emperor Mingjing didn't feel that Chao Cuo's death was his responsibility, and Chao Cuo sacrificed the lives of all the people for the stability of the country.