Causes and three directions of population migration to the south during the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties

Population migration often occurred in ancient China, which had a great impact on the population distribution and economic development in ancient China. The following is a brief analysis of the ancient population migration in China from the aspects of its manifestations, causes and influences.

1. Several ways of ancient population migration in China;

1. From the Frontier to the Central Plains:

Wuhu moved to Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi and other places today.

(2) The southern Xiongnu moved to today's Hetao, Shaanxi and Shanxi areas.

③ Mongolians and Jurchen moved into the Yellow River Basin (Yuan Dynasty).

(4) This kind of migration is spontaneous, and all of them moved into the Yellow River basin from the northern minorities. The main reasons are the influence of advanced Han culture and the instability of nomadic life, but some of them are plundered by armed forces, such as Xiongnu going south and nomadic people going south.

2. From the mainland to the frontier:

(1) After the Qin Dynasty seized the Hetao area, a large number of mainland residents moved in to develop production and strengthen border defense; After conquering the Yue nationality in the Pearl River valley, Guilin, Nanhai and Xiang Jun were established, and 500,000 people moved to live with the Yue nationality.

② During the Tang and Yuan Dynasties, they emigrated to strengthen border control.

(3) These immigrants are organized by the government.

3. Northerners migrate to the south:

During the Three Kingdoms period, northerners moved south to Soochow.

(2) During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, northerners moved south to Jiangnan, which brought technology and labor to Jiangnan and promoted its development.

(3) During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the northern people moved south to develop the economy in the south of the Yangtze River.

(4) During the Song and Jin Dynasties, the people's anti-Jin struggle in the Southern Song Dynasty prevented the nomads from going south, the south was stable, and a large number of people in the north moved south, which made the economy in the south of the Yangtze River overtake the north and the economic center moved south. ...

⑤ These migrations are spontaneous, mainly due to the war in the north, the relative stability in the south, the relocation of the economic center to the south and the good natural conditions in the south.

Two. Three situations of population migration in the history of China;

1. Political needs: ① The Qin Dynasty sent Meng Tian to attack the Xiongnu in the north; (2) the Qin Dynasty invaded the southern Yue nationality; (3) setting up counties in the Western Han Dynasty to strengthen the management of the southwest; ④ Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang; (5) West Asians settled in the Tang Dynasty; ⑤ The formation of Hui nationality in Yuan Dynasty.

2. Fight and flight: ① People moved to Wu during the Three Kingdoms period; (2) Ethnic minorities moved south in the Western Jin Dynasty; ③ The population moved southward during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period; ④ The population moved south in Song Dynasty.

3. Making a living economically: ① South Xiongnu moved south in the Eastern Han Dynasty; ② Wuhu moved inward in the Western Jin Dynasty; ③ The Central Plains people moved into Qidan in Tang Dynasty; ④ Ethnic minorities moved to the Central Plains and Jiangnan in Yuan Dynasty.

Three. Analysis on the reasons of ancient population migration in China

1. Landlords and feudal officials extorted money, land was annexed, farmers went bankrupt one after another, and had no livelihood, so they had to leave their homes and go into exile everywhere.

2. Frequent wars lead to a large number of population migration in this area.

In order to strengthen border defense, successive governments have organized large-scale migration of residents to border areas.

When the economic center of gravity shifts to the south, the population flows to the south accordingly.

5. Impact of natural disasters: The Yellow River Basin in ancient China was a region with frequent natural disasters, and the ancient Yellow River broke its course many times, which led to the migration of the population in this region to areas with less disasters.

6. The exile of sinners was also an aspect of the ancient population migration in China. There are often hundreds of people sentenced to exile for crimes committed in the mainland, and they rarely come back after arriving in the frontier.

7. Climate is also a factor. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, China was in the second cold period. You can check the relevant information. The turbulent period in the history of China and the large-scale migration of population to the south almost all occurred in the cold period (for the problem of cold and warm periods, please refer to Mr. Zhu Kezhen's Preliminary Study on Climate Change in China in the Last Five Thousand Years).

Four. The influence of ancient population migration in China

1. The migration of China's ancient population spread advanced economy and culture, which prompted China's economic center to move south, and a large number of northern people moved south, which not only increased a large number of labor force to the south, but also brought advanced production tools and technologies. Under their influence, all ethnic groups in the south gradually learned advanced production technology, which promoted the economic development and development in the south of the Yangtze River.

2. The migration of population in ancient China promoted the ethnic integration in ancient China. In particular, the Han nationality in the Central Plains migrated to the remote minority areas, and the remote minorities migrated to the mainland, which made all ethnic groups live together, have frequent contacts, and even exchanged marriages and merged with each other, enriching the economic and cultural life of all ethnic groups. In ancient China, at the same time of the climax of population migration, ethnic integration also reached a climax, which greatly promoted the formation, consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country in China.

3. The migration of China population in ancient times made the geographical distribution of China population more reasonable. The land in the south is fertile and vast, while the population of the three countries was extremely scarce before. With the migration of population and the development of the south of the Yangtze River, the population in the south is gradually increasing, and the distribution of China population in the north and south tends to be balanced.

In a word, the migration of ancient population in China not only changed the distribution of ancient population, made it tend to be balanced and reasonable, but also promoted national integration, economic and cultural exchanges, balanced economic development and frontier development and construction.