Who knows the history of California?

California California, located in the western United States, is the most economically developed and populous state in the United States. It borders Mexico to the south and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Don't call it golden state. The area is 4 1. 1 10,000 square kilometers. California [1] (commonly known as California) is a state on the Pacific coast of the western United States, with the third largest state in area and the largest state in population. California is very diverse in geography, landforms, products and population composition. Due to the early gold rush, California had an alias called Golden State, and the postal abbreviation was CA. The area is 4 1. 1 10,000 square kilometers. The population is 33.87 million (2000), and the urban population accounts for 965.438+0.3%, mainly concentrated in the Pacific coast, and 50% of them live in Los Angeles and San Francisco. There are more than 50% Chinese and mexican american (Chicano people) in China. Chinatown in San Francisco is the most densely populated area for Chinese. Sacramento, the capital. The coastline is 2030 kilometers long and relatively straight. It consists of the eastern Sierra Nevada, the central valley and the western coastal mountains. Geographical conditions vary greatly. There is little rain in the desert in the south, and floods occur in the coastal areas in the north due to rain and snow in winter. The precipitation in the northwest is as high as 4420 mm, and the Colorado desert in the southeast is only 50 ~ 75 mm. At a distance of less than 140 km, there are Mount Whitney and Death Valley with an altitude of 44 18 m, which are the highest and lowest points in the United States respectively. In summer, the temperature in the southeastern Colorado desert is as high as 54℃, and the Sierra Nevada is as cold as the North Pole in winter. It was originally a settlement of Indians. 1769 was once a Spanish colony. 1822 belongs to Mexico. 1848 belongs to the United States. In the same year, gold mines were discovered, and the gold rush that lasted for 7 years made the population increase sharply and the city developed rapidly. 1850 joined the Federation and became the third1th state in the United States. 1869 The transcontinental railway was opened to traffic, connecting our state with other states. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, the discovery and exploitation of oil in Los Angeles made the industry develop rapidly. After World War II, emerging industries rose, agriculture developed due to the completion of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, and its economic strength and population jumped to the forefront. The state with the most developed agriculture. Agricultural land accounts for 30% of the state. Mainly used for irrigation agriculture. There are hundreds of kinds of agricultural products. The output of sugarcane, vegetables and fruits occupies a prominent position in the country, and the output of cotton is the second; Rice yield is second; It is an important milk, egg and meat producing area in China; The central valley is the richest agricultural belt. Forestry is developed, and it is one of the three major timber producing countries in China. The fishery output value ranks first in China, and San Francisco, San Diego and San Pedro are important fishing ports. The manufacturing industry is developed, the departments are complete, the products are diverse, and the output value and employment number rank first in the country. There are mainly emerging sectors such as aerospace and electronics, as well as oil refining, petrochemical, arms, food processing, paper making and printing. Exploitation of oil and natural gas accounts for 2/3 of the total output value. Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the west, mainly in aerospace and oil exploration; The output value accounts for about 50% of the state; San Francisco and San Diego are also important manufacturing centers. Santa Clara Valley in Silicon Valley is famous for its developed electronics industry, and the Central Valley is the center of food processing industry. The expressway network is dense and the length ranks second in the country. It is the western end of three transcontinental railway lines. The Sacramento River Delta has a dense river network and developed water transportation. Los Angeles and San Francisco are important international airports. Tourism is booming. Charming beaches, pleasant climate, excellent facilities and convenient transportation make tourists gather. There are many art galleries, internationally renowned San Francisco Opera House, Los Angeles Symphony Orchestra, Hollywood, University of California and other cultural and educational institutions. The name comes from California, which originally refers to the area composed of Baja California Peninsula in Mexico and California in the United States today. This name is thought to come from a legendary paradise called Carafi Ya described in Amadís de Gaula, a legendary Spanish knight novel in the16th century. The novel Carafi, written by Martorell Garci Rodrí guez de Montalbo, is isolated from the rest of the world, and Aglac Duranensis is full of freedom-loving Amazonians and strange beasts living in caves. Others think that the word "California" may come from the hot areas in southern North America. Spanish explorers who entered California in the early days described this area as "hot as a furnace" (Cali → hot, "hot"); Fornus → forno → "oven", ending in ia means a place) or "cal→lime", Spanish often uses Latin roots to construct new words. So "California" may come from the Spanish meaning of "California is Aria" and "hot stove"; Or from "calida fornax", which means "hot climate" in Latin. In addition, there are other sayings from the local language "Gaoshan". In addition, the nickname "Golden State" often makes people think that it originated from the gold rush in the middle of19th century. In fact, when the spring grass on the hills in the middle of this state withers in autumn, everything looks like gold from a distance. history

During the Elizabethan period in England, the famous pirate Sir Francis Drake occupied all the land in New Spain and northern New Mexico and became a British colony. Although the British colonies "went from sea to sea" as early as the17th century, the British did not have much interest in the land on the west coast of North America. By the end of 18, Spanish missionaries gradually began to build settlements on vast land in northern California, Spain. When Mexico became independent from Spain, these missionary settlements also became the property of the Mexican government, but they were soon abandoned. The territory of the Spanish Empire in the northwest of North America was named "California". 1847 after the us-Mexico war, this territory was divided between the United States and Mexico. That part of the territory acquired by Mexico later became Baja California, while Upper California acquired by the United States officially joined the Federation in 1850, becoming today's California. 1848, the Hispanic population of Upper California was about 4,000. But when the news of the discovery of gold in California spread, countless Americans and Europeans flocked to California in the gold rush, and the United States of California was also declared. When American Navy General john D slaughter entered California from San Francisco Bay, the young republic was declared as American territory. 1850, California officially became a federal 3 1 state. During the American Civil War, there were differences within California on whether to join the Union Army or the Confederate Army. Although California finally supported the Union Army, many Californians joined the Confederate Volunteers. 1In the 1970s, the first trans-American railway was opened, which connected people along the Pacific coast with other parts of the United States. Local people in California have gradually discovered that the climate in California is very suitable for the growth of crops, especially oranges. Today, California's agricultural output is still abundant. Between 1900 and 1965, the population of California increased from less than100000 to the most populous state in the United States. Great changes have taken place in the population composition since 1965. Today, California has the most diverse population in the world. California residents tend to be politically free. California is the technological and cultural center of the United States, the world film and television center, and the agricultural state of the United States.

geography

California is on the Pacific Ocean, bordering Oregon, Nevada, Arizona and Baja California, Mexico. California has a variety of natural landscapes, including magnificent canyons, mountains and dry deserts. With an area of 4 1 10,000 square kilometers, California is the third largest state in the United States. Most big cities are located in cooler areas along the Pacific coast, including San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego. Landform Sierra Nevada is located in the east-central California. Mount Whitney is 44 18 meters above sea level, which is the highest point in the United States. The world-famous Yosemite National Park is also located in this area, and there is also a deep freshwater lake-Lake Tahoe. To the east of the Sierra Nevada are Owens Canyon and Menlo Lake, which are important seabird habitats. In the south, there are Hengling and a saltwater lake, Sutton Sea. A desert in south-central China is called Mojave Desert. There is Death Valley in the southeast of Mojave Desert, which is the lowest point in North America. California is located in the San Delia fault, so earthquakes often occur. Although most earthquakes in the United States occur in Alaska and Mississippi River basins, earthquakes in California tend to cause greater losses because of the high population density here. Southern California has a tropical desert climate, the temperature changes greatly, and the annual rainfall is 10 inch. Coastal areas belong to the Mediterranean climate, which is humid in winter and dry in summer. The mountains in California, including the Sierra Nevada, belong to the alpine climate, with snowfall in winter and not very hot in summer. Human population

In 2008, the population of California was 38,365,438+00,000, accounting for 65,438+02% of the population of the United States, making it the largest state in the United States. The results of the census show that there is not a majority ethnic group in California. White people are still the largest ethnic group, but they are no longer in the majority. Hispanics account for almost one-third of the total population; Other ethnic groups are Asians, Africans and Indians in turn. Due to the rapid growth of Hispanic immigrant population and high fertility rate, Hispanics are expected to become the largest ethnic group in California around 2040. By July 2007 1, the total population of California was close to 38 million. Among them, the population of Los Angeles County is the largest among all counties in California, reaching103,000; The mountainous Gaoshan county has the least population-only 126 1 person. The inland area of eastern Southern California has the fastest population growth: Riverside County has the fastest population growth, followed by San Bernardino County.

economy

California is the largest state in the United States. In 2008, the gross national product of California was1942.3 billion US dollars, accounting for 14% of the United States. If it is an independent economy, its gross national product is the eighth in the world, which is larger than any country except the United States, Japan, Germany, Britain, China, France and India, with a per capita GDP of 50. The main body of California's economy is agriculture (including fruits, vegetables, dairy products and wine), and the scale of agriculture is more than twice that of the second largest industry. Other important industries after agriculture include aviation, entertainment (mainly television, although California also produces many movies) and light industry, including computer hardware and software, and borax mining. Due to different regions and occupations, per capita income varies greatly. In central China, the per capita income gap is the largest. The income of migrant farm workers is lower than the minimum wage guarantee line in the United States, while farmers often own private farms with millions of dollars. Most farm managers are well educated, and most have at least master's degrees. Although some cities have the highest per capita income in the United States, some non-agricultural counties have the highest proportion of poor people in the United States. Silicon Valley's high-tech industry is currently at a low ebb, mainly affected by the bursting of the Internet bubble, but the medical industry, video game industry and animation industry in these fields are growing rapidly. A big problem in California's economy is the lack of manufacturing. The sales tax of 7.25% makes it uneconomical to build a factory in this state. Major manufacturers such as the aviation industry also plan to move out of California. There have been no new factories in California for many years, resulting in the loss of many high-paying manufacturing jobs. This means that the state's middle class is mostly small business owners and construction and transportation workers, as well as a few knowledgeable workers-almost mainly in the service industry. California financial group

California financial group, one of the top ten consortia in the United States. Emerging consortia after World War II include Bank of America Group, San Francisco Group and Los Angeles Group. During the Second World War, the economic strength of these three groups increased sharply with the rapid development of California's arms industry, especially the growth rate of financial capital was particularly alarming, forming a large consortium with Bank of America as its financial center. 1974 assets 167 1 billion dollars, ranking third among the top ten consortia in the United States, and playing a major role in American political and economic life. It and the southern consortium form a new force of the arms industry group and become a force to compete with the old consortium in Northeast China. Law and government

California Governor, Captain Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, Auditor-General, State Finance Minister, Insurance Commissioner, State Director of Public Education and members of Equality Committee are all directly elected state-level positions, with a term of four years and only one re-election. The California legislature consists of a 40-member California Senate and an 80-member California legislature. Senators serve a four-year term and are re-elected by half every two years. The term of office of members is two years. During the 2003-2004 session, there were 48 Democrats and 32 Republicans in the Congress, and 25 Democrats and 65,438+05 Republicans in the Senate. Currently, the state capital of California is located in Sacramento. Historically, state capitals were located in Monterrey (1775- 1849), San Jose (1849- 185 1) and Venezuela (1853-6558). On February 25th, 1894, the state capital officially moved to Sacramento. Nationally, California has two senators and 53 representatives. California has 55 electoral votes among American voters. California has the largest number of representatives and presidential electoral votes.