Who ended the gate valve system in what way? What are the specific policies?

Gentry-a privileged class of the landlord class (a wealthy family with high political and economic privileges) based on family and family status. Clan, also known as Tuzu, is the privileged class in the landlord class-Buyi, which refers to ordinary small and medium-sized landlords outside the clan, also known as the humble. Characteristics (special status) (1) Politically: sharing privileges by family, holding important positions for generations; (Nine-grade system is the political guarantee of the gentry system; (2) Economically, the gentry occupied a large amount of land and labor, and established a self-sufficient and powerful manor economy; (the system of official occupation of land provided economic security for the gentry system; (3) social life: don't marry a cloth, or even sit in different seats; (4) Culturally: advocating empty talk and occupying senior civil servant positions. Evolution (1) budding (Eastern Han Dynasty) politics: Since Emperor Wu advocated Confucianism, bureaucrats started with Confucian classics and gradually formed a state of being officials for life in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Cao Wei carried out the system of "nine grades of justice", which enabled clan landlords to participate in political power by virtue of their family background. Economy: In the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, land annexation was very serious, and gradually formed a powerful landlord force of bureaucrats, businessmen and landlords. The regime of the Eastern Han Dynasty was established with the support of the powerful landlords, so the powerful landlords enjoyed political and economic privileges in the Eastern Han Dynasty. They controlled the central and local governments politically, annexed land economically, managed manors, gradually became independent and became aristocratic families. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, gentry landlords began to form, which provided a class and economic foundation for the establishment of the gentry system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. (2) The formation of the cremation system (Cao Wei, Western Jin Dynasty) means that the ruling class promulgated various laws and regulations to systematically safeguard the privileges of the cremation landlords in political, economic, cultural and social life. The "Nine Grades" system implemented by Cao Wei regime is an important symbol of the formation of aristocratic system. (2) Consolidation (Western Jin Dynasty) After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Sima family continued to implement the policy of indulgence and netting in order to gain the support of aristocratic children, forming a typical door-to-door politics. (3) In its heyday (Eastern Jin Dynasty), the aristocratic system fully developed and entered its heyday. The reason is that the Eastern Jin relied on the support of the gentry in the north and south. The Eastern Jin regime is a joint dictatorship of Sima's imperial power, the northern gentry represented by Wang, Yu, Huan and Xie, and the gentry of Wu in the south of the Yangtze River, which is in a non-mainstream position. This political pattern lasted for a century until the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At that time, the influence of the gentry was enough to keep pace with the imperial power and even surpass it. The emperor relied on the support of the gentry, and the politics of the gentry reached its peak. During this period, the gentry occupied a high position in politics, monopolized political power, blocked mountains and rivers in economy, occupied a large area of land and labor, and advocated making it clear in culture. In order to maintain this system, during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, the gentry attached great importance to the compilation of genealogy and the origin of the gentry's lineage as a proof of their privileges, so genealogy prevailed, and genealogy monographs became a tool for official departments to select officials and maintain the privileged position of the gentry. During this period, the Tu people had political privileges, and the important positions of honest officials were monopolized by gentry. Economically, it owns granges, occupies a large number of land population, and often competes with the government for the labor force population; Culturally, genealogy inherits and occupies a monopoly position, but also advocates genealogy, advocates metaphysics, and is good at dragon calligraphy, painting and other arts; Society does not marry civilians, and so on. The gentry hold the power, but they are unwilling to set foot in practice and decay in indulgence and luxury. (4) Decline (Southern Dynasties) The gentry system gradually declined from the late Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties. The root cause lies in the decay of the gentry themselves. Under the gentry system, the gentry, especially the senior gentry, can be an official by virtue of their family background and hold senior positions for generations. The special social environment made many gentry not enterprising, indulged in leisure and debauchery, and disdained government and military affairs. Coupled with the close relationship between gentry, poor physical quality. Therefore, after the war between the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the former Qin Dynasty, some generals from civilian backgrounds stood out, showing high political and military talents, and their prestige and power rose rapidly. In the Southern Dynasties, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen were all generals of civilian origin. Although the emperors of the Southern Dynasties could not change the situation that senior gentry monopolized senior officials, they quoted civilian officials and entrusted them with positions with low taste but real power, and shared the privileges of gentry in actual governance. The second reason for the decline of the gentry system in this period was that it was hit by the peasant uprising; The third reason is that the gentry have been hit and weakened by contradictions within the ruling class. The interaction of the above three reasons greatly weakened the class and economic foundation of the cremation system. In the southern dynasties, due to the decline of the clan itself. Loss of political and military advantages; With the conflict and intensification of social class contradictions, peasant uprisings broke out one after another, and Han landlords took the opportunity to rise by military force. While suppressing the peasant uprising, we further took the initiative to control the localities, commanded the army, and proclaimed ourselves emperor by force, such as Emperor Wu of Song and Xiao Daocheng. , broke the situation that the landlord at the main entrance dominated the country. At this time, although the clan landlords were in high positions, they had no real power and were bound to perish. Later, due to the chaos of the waiting time and the demise of the Sui Dynasty, the hierarchy of the gate valve was dying, and the landlord of cloth clothes jumped to the main position in politics. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the system of "Nine Grades of Zheng Zhi" was abolished and the imperial examination system was implemented. "The draft doesn't ask about family background, and marriage doesn't ask about reading." Aristocratic system, which originated in Wei Dynasty and prevailed in Jin Dynasty, finally died out in the political and legal system. (5) Death (at the end of the Tang Dynasty), the system of the Sui and Tang Dynasties was dying. One of the reasons is that the imperial examination system was implemented in Sui and Tang Dynasties, which made the landlords with low family status participate in the political power through the examination and destroyed the political foundation of the aristocratic system. The implementation of the land equalization system and the rent adjustment system has enabled some farmers who have no land and little land to get some land, and also ensured farmers' production time. Its prohibition of unlimited land occupation and land sale at will inhibited land merger to some extent, protected yeoman farmers, and weakened the economic foundation of the cremation system to some extent. The second is the struggle for power and interests within the ruling class in the Tang Dynasty. Third, the peasant war further destroyed the decadent cremation system. Since then, the gentry system, which lasted for six or seven hundred years, has finally disappeared on the historical stage. The historical origin of its formation (1): the development of powerful landlord forces since the Eastern Han Dynasty. (2) Political reasons: the ruling foundation of Wei and Jin Dynasties was the gentry, and the emperor was supported by the gentry; (3) Political guarantee: The Nine Grades System is the political guarantee of the cremation system. It has become a tool for aristocratic families to cultivate private forces and safeguard political privileges. 5. Reasons for decline (1) Decadence: decadent and luxurious life and innate privileges lead to the inability of aristocratic families to take power and even lack the ability to survive; (2) The internal struggle of the ruling group in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties was fierce, and the common people gradually seized the opportunity to take the initiative; (3) The influence of the Hou Jing Rebellion. The gentry of Du Nan in Jin Dynasty "slept for a while"; (4) The implementation of the imperial examination system in Sui and Tang Dynasties shook the political foundation of the gentry; (5) The strike of peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty. 6. The most prominent political feature that influenced the aristocratic system in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was also the manifestation of political corruption and darkness in the Western Jin Dynasty, which determined the bureaucratic characteristics of politics, economy and culture in this period and had a far-reaching impact on later generations. Negative influence: the political and economic characteristics of the gentry system determined that the class contradictions, ethnic contradictions and internal contradictions of the ruling class were often particularly acute during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which led to the long-term political situation of separatist regime in the North and South. The gentry grange economy strengthened the closed natural economy and hindered the development of commodity economy. The gentry is a decadent group in the landlord class, which is becoming more and more decadent in the later period, and is a group of social parasites. Objective positive effect: 1. Economically, the gentry's grange economy was feudal land ownership, and the gentry occupied a large number of labor, which strengthened the feudal dependence. Under the turbulent political situation in Wei and Jin Dynasties, farmers were attached to aristocratic families and had relatively guaranteed production conditions, which was obviously beneficial to the development of feudal economy. During the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, the south was relatively stable. As the core of northern immigrants, gentry landlords came to the south to start businesses. The objective situation makes them the organizers of developing the southern economy. The granges and villas they built in the south, after all, promoted the development of the barren hills in the south of the Yangtze River. 2. In ethnic relations, intellectuals played an important role in promoting the feudalization of northern minorities. The gentry are rich in thought, technology and culture, and are qualified to engage in cultural undertakings. Some gentry despise etiquette and advocate personal freedom, and their thoughts are full of imagination and romance. Therefore, during the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, they made many achievements in philosophy, literature, calligraphy, painting and science, and they were full of characteristics.