Russian history

The Russian Federation was founded in19171.7, and has been under the direct rule of the czar until now. 192212 joined the Soviet union on February 30th, and was called the * * * Republic of Russian Soviet Socialist Federation. Before the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, the Russian Federation was the largest, most populous and most developed country in the world. 19911On February 8, Russian President Yeltsin met with the heads of Belarus and Ukraine in Minsk, signed an agreement to establish the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and announced that the Soviet Union no longer existed.

At the beginning of the AD, the Eastern Slavs still retained the clan system, and each tribe was composed of several clans. They cut down forests, level the land, engage in farming, collectively raise livestock, hunt and fish, and all matters are decided by the clan assembly. In the 6th century, it entered the feudal society and established the Principality of Kiev. By the ninth century, Kiev has become a big country, which has existed for more than 300 years and is the cradle of the Russian nation. Later, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus were formed. By the middle of 12 century, Kiev Ross had disintegrated and some small principalities replaced it. By 1236, Genghis Khan's grandson Badou had made an expedition to Europe and first conquered all the territories of Russia, Poland and Hungary. 1240 to 1480 was a golden horde ruled by Mongols, which made Russia's economy and culture lag far behind Western Europe.

The Principality of Moscow, founded in 1 147 (the statue of Archduke Vladimir now stands in the center of Moscow), grew and developed in 14 and 15 centuries, and led other principalities to get rid of Mongolian rule. Since then, Russia has gradually expanded outward. /kloc-After Peter the Great came to power in the 0/7th century, Russia was designated as the Russian Empire for the first time. Peter the Great is the most enlightened and reformist emperor in Russian history (interestingly, China was the famous Emperor Kangxi). For the sake of Russia's strength, he seized the area around Petersburg from the Swedes militarily and began to Europeanize Russia. He not only learned from western Europe in the fields of science and technology, education, but also learned from western Europe in clothing and social fashion, so that St. Petersburg people are still regarded as the most civilized and Europeanized city by the Russians. 17 12, Peter the great moved his capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Make it the political, economic and cultural center of Russia. At the same time, with the continuation of the later emperors, a large number of the earliest universities in Russia were established in Petersburg. Among them are the first university in Russia-St. Petersburg State University (1724) and Russian State Normal University (1797).

Since Peter the Great, Russia has expanded rapidly, seizing large territory from neighboring countries, and its population has doubled in half a century. But at that time, the country had both capitalist industry and commerce and feudal serfdom. It was not until 186 1 Russian czar abolished serfdom from top to bottom that Russian industry and transportation entered a new development period. At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War led to the development of domestic crisis. 1905, the workers' peaceful petition was suppressed, and the national protest wave came one after another, sowing the seeds of revolution. The social contradictions between China and Russia further intensified in World War I, and finally the Russian czar was overthrown in June 19 17 1. At that time, Russia had two regimes: workers, peasants, the Soviet Union and the interim government. In the same year165438+1October 7, the Bolsheviks led by Lenin held an armed uprising in St. Petersburg, the Russian capital, and established the Soviet Union. And developed into a world superpower in a very short time. However, many mistakes were made in the later economic construction, and they gradually fell behind in the economic competition with the West, causing dissatisfaction among the Soviet people. 199 1 year, the Soviet union disintegrated and Russia was formally established.

Characteristics of Russian historical development

The basic phenomena in Russian history include serfdom, autocracy, Orthodox Church and village community. Based on these basic factors, the historical process of Russia has its distinctive characteristics.

I. Mobile Russia

The Russian nation is a mobile nation, which Soloff called "the mobile factor". As a member of the Eastern Slavs, the early Russians lived on the vast plains of Eastern Europe from the Dniester River in the west to the Dnieper River in the east and the northern shore of the Black Sea. The geographical overview of this land is: forests and swamps crisscross, rivers crisscross, and the soil quality is mainly sandy clay, far from the ocean and connected with grassland. Russian ancestors lived and struggled here. They cut down forests, dig roots and burn wasteland to cultivate. Sandy clay is thin in fertility and easy to dry up, so we have to reclaim another piece of cultivated land. Therefore, Russian farmers moved from one place to another "like tumbleweeds" until the natural boundary of the Russian plain, "until the Urals and the White Sea". Russian historians have a view that nature is the "mother" of western Europe and the "stepmother" of Russia, in order to illustrate the difficult natural environment faced by the Russian nation. The pioneering work of Russian immigrants is also related to foreign invasion. In vast expanse, the Russian plain, savages can March in. Klyuchevski said: "The struggle against the nomadic people in the grassland, the Poloz people and the ferocious Tatars lasted almost from the 8th century to the end of 17. This is the most painful historical memory of the Russian people. This historical memory is deeply imprinted in their minds and vividly reflected in their heroic poems. " During the period of Kiev Ross, foreign crimes were frequent, and the residents of southwest Ross moved to the hinterland of Northeast China.

Under the harsh natural conditions and the invasion of foreign enemies, Russians continue to develop new land, conquer and immigrate new land. If the early migration development in Russia is compulsive, then habit becomes nature, and mobility gradually becomes a factor flowing in the blood of the Russian nation. After the formation of Russia's unified country, it began to consciously explore immigrants, and Russia's "mobility factor" was more offensive and expansionary. Russians are getting deeper and deeper into the hinterland of Asia, and Russian countries are getting closer and closer to the East. After centuries, Russia, a landlocked country, has finally become an empire with many seaports across Eurasia.

The expansion of immigrants is a clue throughout Russian history. No matter in ancient times, modern times or modern times, the history of Russian state is a history of constant migration, constant immigration and constant change of political, economic and cultural centers. Russia's expansion includes territorial expansion, immigration and the promotion of Russian economy and culture in new land. The process can be roughly divided into three stages: 1) 65438+ before the 7th century. The development of this stage is accompanied by the formation of the Russian nation and the emergence of Russia's unified country, which partly determines that Russia's historical development and nationality have the characteristics of immigration development. Its scope is basically within the natural boundary. 2)/kloc-the whole period of Russian empire after the 7th century. The content of Russia's expansion at this stage can be attributed to the realization of Russia's goal as a great empire across Europe and Asia, which is expansionary. 3) Soviet period. Needless to say, the Russian state in the Soviet period still had an expansionist tendency, and the expansion of the Soviet Union also had a certain ideological color (the ideal of the world revolution).

The direct result of Russia's expansion is the rapid expansion of national territory, occupying the area of 1/2 Europe and 1/3 Asia, becoming the largest country in the world. The indirect result of Russia's expansion has had a great influence on the internal life of the country. Both the pioneering migration of early residents and the conscious expansion of the country later require military force. Therefore, the dependence on military power makes the military guards, nobles and archduke play an important role in the country. There is a saying in Russia: it is natural for farmers to farm and nobles to fight. The state's reward to the nobles is to help them increase their slavery to the peasants. 15th century later, it was under the background of Russian state immigration that serfdom began to form and a centralized state was established. The direction and nature of Russia's expansion played a great role in the historical process of Russia, which not only affected the formation of serfdom and autocracy, but also directly contributed to another feature of Russian history, namely the east-west attribute of Russian national development, the so-called "Russia between East and West".

Second, Russia between East and West.

The most intuitive understanding of "Russia between East and West" is in the geographical sense, that is, Russia is between East and West. We know that Russia has become a country across Europe and Asia through expansion and a unique bridge connecting East and West. Geographical location is of special significance to the development of a country. Eurasian people believe that there can be a "Eurasia" continent between ancient Europe and Asian land, and Russia is in its main area. In this way, Russia constitutes a "third independent continent" which is different from Europe and Asia and closely connected. This makes Russians often ask themselves, are we Europeans who go deep into Asia or Asians who live in Europe?

The further understanding of "Russia between East and West" is from the perspective of history and culture. The debate about it has been endless. Western schools in different times all emphasize the European nature of Russia, believing that Russia is not "exceptional from the West" and that there is no essential difference between the history of Russia and the history of western countries. Slavs, on the other hand, focus on the "particularity" of Russian history and think that the land ownership of Orthodox Church and village community is the "unique heritage" of Russian history and the fundamental difference between Russia and the West. However, whether it is a fierce Western faction or an extreme Slavic faction, it must be admitted that there is no absolute exception that Russian history is completely different from Western history, and its relative exception exists. The ancestor of the Russian nation is a member of the Eastern Slavs who grew up in the plains of Eastern Europe. The establishment of Liulichang Dynasty in 862 AD laid the foundation of Nordic cultural factors in Russian history and culture. 1988 When Ross was baptized, Russians not only converted to Byzantine Christian Orthodox Church, but also accepted Byzantine culture. 10_ 12 century, Russia was deeply influenced by Byzantine culture. Byzantine culture, which combines the cultural factors of the Near East and western legal traditions, has had a far-reaching impact on the historical development of Russia as a whole. 13 _15th century, the rule of Tatar Mongolia left Russia with an oriental autocratic state paradigm, and the formation of a centralized state in Moscow was the direct product of its influence. Throughout the16th century, with the formation of autocracy and serfdom, Russians crossed the Urals and advanced into Asia, and Russia became more and more oriental. From the17th century, Russia gradually approached the west. In the18th century, Peter the Great carried out reforms, and Russia, which was hesitant between East and West, was strongly pushed to the west by Peter the Great. However, it has become an indisputable fact that Russian culture has a comprehensive color of the East and the West. Therefore, the question of where Russia will go, whether to take the western road or the eastern road, has been puzzling Russian ideological circles.

5. Marshal zhukov, the greatest general of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War.

6: 1905 65438+ 10, the czar brutally suppressed the peaceful demonstration of the workers in Petersburg, creating a 1000 "bloody Sunday" in which more than one person died and thousands were injured, also known as "bloody Sunday".

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7: 1922 12.30, the Soviet socialist union was formally established, referred to as the "Soviet Union".

On February 25th, the Soviet Socialist Union disintegrated.