1000 words essay on protecting rivers and lakes

1 The water quality of the lake basin is generally stable, and the water environment is still fragile

1.1.1 The overall water quality of Zhelin Lake is in Category III, and some tributaries entering the lake are relatively poor. According to the monitoring data of the 2011 Zhelin Lake Water Quality Report, in the past 10 years, the water quality of Zhelin Lake has dropped from Class I water quality in 2003 to Class II water quality; then it has dropped to Class III water quality since 2004, and has continued to this day. Maintain Class III water quality. Among them, the change trends of the four indicators of permanganate index, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus and total nitrogen are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen remain stable at Class III, and the permanganate index and ammonia nitrogen remain stable at Class III. Class II [5]. Due to the large water area of ??Zhelin Lake, the spatial distribution of water quality is quite different. When the overall water quality is good, the water quality in the coastal zone and some bays is significantly worse than the water quality in the center of the lake and above the dam. There are still some problems in the local waters entering the lake. Pollution problems and the water environment remain fragile.

1.1.2 The water body of Zhelin Lake is in a mesotrophic state as a whole, but in some seasons, cyanobacteria become one of the sub-dominant groups in the water body of local lakes and bays. The ecological security issues of local lakes and bays need to be paid attention to in 2010. - A survey in 2011 found that during the dry season and the flat water period, the phytoplankton group in the lake area succeeded from Bacillaria to the current Cyanobacteria that dominates the local lake area. Cyanobacterial algae have become one of the sub-dominant groups in the phytoplankton community in some bays of Zhelin Lake, indicating that the water body in some bays of Zhelin Lake is showing a certain trend of eutrophication. The phytoplankton groups in the lake area have succeeded from the diatoms characteristic of rivers to the current dominance of cyanobacteria in local lake areas, indicating that the external input of Zhelin Lake area has increased, the water quality has deteriorated, and the risk of water body eutrophication has become prominent. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the load entering the lake at the watershed scale, carry out the protection of watershed ecological security and lake ecological management, prevent the spread of eutrophication in local lake bays, and gradually maintain the stability of the lake ecosystem.

1.2 The standardized construction of drinking water sources needs to be strengthened, and there are hidden dangers to drinking water safety. There are currently three lake-reservoir drinking water sources in the Zhelin Lake area, which are the water intake of the Yuankou Reservoir. The Hedongdu Water Intake and the Sanfu Dam Water Intake of Zhelin Dam mainly supply water to residents in Wuning County, Qingcheng City and De'an County. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, they will also serve as a source of drinking water for Nanchang City and As Jiujiang City's backup drinking water source, the protection of the water conservation function of Zhelin Lake is particularly important. However, the drinking water source of Zhelin Lake is currently open, and the isolation and protection facilities are backward. The automatic monitoring, emergency warning and standardized construction capabilities of the water source are quite weak. There are great hidden dangers in drinking water safety. Therefore, it is urgent to use watershed management based on watershed management. Focus on preventing pollution and ensuring the safety of drinking water.

1.3 Fishery development has not yet been standardized, and aquatic biodiversity has been destroyed

1.3.1 Excessive development of cage culture has brought harm to the ecological environment. In recent years, net cage culture has Cage aquaculture has shown an unprecedented development trend. According to surveys, there are more than 22,000 cages and 345 fish farms near the auxiliary dam in the Zhelin Lake reservoir area and in the lake area of ??Wuning County. Cage culture in Zhelin Lake area The area is 6593.13hm2, and the breeding area accounts for 20% of the water surface area of ??the entire lake area. Unlicensed individual households are repeatedly prohibited from breeding. There is a phenomenon of individual households putting chemical fertilizers and pig waste residue into cages for aquaculture.

1.3.2 Illegal fishing has been banned repeatedly, and aquatic biodiversity has been destroyed. According to the investigation by the Fisheries Joint Law Enforcement Team, illegal fishing in the lake area includes light trapping, trawl fishing, fishing with illegal fishing gear, etc. . Illegal fishing has reduced fishery resources and destroyed aquatic animal diversity. Before 2003, each boat could catch 200kg of fish in Zhelin Lake using traditional methods. In 2008, the daily catch per boat had dropped to less than 50kg, and the types of fish were relatively single. In addition, the fishery department conducted trial fishing of bamboo raft whitebait in different waters of Zhelin Lake. The results showed that only a few fish were caught in each net in Yongxiu waters, and only 0.25kg of whitebait was caught in each net in Wuning waters, which was different from the trial catches in previous years. There is a huge difference between 5 and 10kg per net.

1.4 Tourism development is accelerating and pollution risks are increasing. Human activities in the Zhelin Lake Basin have intensified in recent years, and the contradiction between tourism development and environmental protection has become increasingly prominent. In 2010, the number of tourist arrivals reached 807,700, of which 795,000 were domestic tourists. After the Xihai Expressway was fully opened to traffic in September 2011, the number of tourists to Zhelin Lake doubled, causing environmental problems that have become increasingly prominent. Therefore, accelerating the ecological protection and pollution control of Zhelin Lake is crucial to improving the anti-interference ability of the Zhelin Lake ecosystem. The Lushan West Sea on the east coast of Zhelin Lake is a newly developed and under-planned national scenic spot. Various investment projects are coming one after another. CITIC Group will invest 15 billion yuan in the CITIC Lushan West Sea development and construction project to build an ecological resort. The construction of the project will fragment the original natural forest ecosystem, and the water tourism industry will also be developed in the future, causing a sudden increase in pollution risks. The contradiction between water environment protection and tourism development needs to be resolved through systematic protection planning and practice.

1.5 Serious human encroachment on the lakeside zone and reduced buffering capacity. The natural zone of the lake is generally subject to human intervention. The phenomenon of human encroachment along the lakeside zone is serious, and the contradiction between development and protection has become increasingly prominent.

Many residential houses have been built along the river in the Lake Town section. In particular, the sewage treatment plant and industrial park in Wuning County are right next to the lake. Domestic sewage and industrial wastewater are discharged directly into the lake. A lot of farmland and pesticides have been built along the lake for more than 100 kilometers. and chemical fertilizers are discharged directly into the lake without corresponding buffer zones, which has a greater impact on water and soil. In addition, hotels such as Zhelin Lake Hotel, Beidaihe Hotel and Qingshui Villa have been built around the scenic area. The wastewater is directly discharged into the lake after passing through simple micro-power and septic tanks. Therefore, the buffering capacity of the lakeside buffer zone is reduced, and there is an urgent need to improve the lakeside zone. Carry out ecological restoration construction.

1.6 Serious water and soil erosion, mine runoff pollution, large town development and construction, and water and soil erosion caused by mining have become new problems of water and soil erosion. Although great progress has been made in the control of water and soil erosion in the Xiuhe River Basin in recent years, water and soil erosion is still relatively serious due to excessive accumulation, reduced forest stand quality, and reduced forest soil conservation and water storage capacity. There is mining of mineral resources in the basin, which not only discharges a large amount of mining wastewater (well water gushing, wastewater pile leaching water, mineral processing wastewater, tailings pond overflow water), but also destroys surface vegetation and generates a large amount of solid waste. Intense loss areas in the Zhelin Lake area are mainly distributed in Wuning County, Wuning County Industrial Park, and both sides of National Highway 316 in Luxi Town; moderate and light losses are mainly distributed in Shidu, Xinning Town, Guanlian, Jinkou, and Lixi Waiting for towns.

1.7 The environmental infrastructure of the basin is not yet in place, and there are many historical debts

1.7.1 The collection and treatment system for domestic and industrial sewage is lacking. The total population of Zhelin Lake District is 38 ．90,000 people, producing nearly 30,000 tons of domestic sewage every day. Within the lake area, only Wuning County has built an urban domestic sewage treatment plant. Currently, the first phase of the 10,000 t/d treatment capacity has been completed and put into operation. Since the construction of sewage pipelines is not yet perfect, only part of the domestic sewage from around the city is received, and residents' domestic sewage is scattered along the lake. Most of it did not enter the sewage treatment system, and the sewage was discharged directly into the lake. The untreated wastewater without dephosphorization and denitrification brought great pressure to Zhelin Lake. In addition, the industrial sewage treatment plants in Wuning County Industrial Park and Taiyangsheng Project Park have not yet been constructed, and the centralized treatment rate of industrial wastewater is low.

1.7.2 Defects in the collection, transportation and treatment system of domestic waste. Currently, Zhelin Lake does not have a complete operating mechanism from garbage collection to treatment. The scope of garbage removal within the Zhelin Lake basin is limited to old towns and tourist reception areas. Due to scattered distances and lack of funds, domestic garbage in other villages along the lake and river has not yet been effectively collected. The township garbage transfer system needs to be improved urgently. Due to the lack of a transfer system in some towns and cities, the collected garbage is simply buried in one location without harmless disposal. The untreated garbage leachate directly affects the surface water and groundwater environment. Since some towns and villages do not have suitable landfills, they simply incinerate the garbage on-site. The smoke from the incineration greatly pollutes the environment of the surrounding and lake areas.

1.8 The management mechanism has not yet been straightened out, and comprehensive watershed management is urgent.

1.8.1 Environmental monitoring and law enforcement, ecological observation and scientific research capacity building are seriously lagging behind in the Zhelin Lake Basin The construction of environmental monitoring capabilities is very lagging behind. There is no automatic monitoring capability and emergency monitoring capability, and the monitoring equipment conditions are poor. There is a lack of conventional monitoring instruments and on-site rapid monitoring instruments, making it impossible to effectively monitor the ecological environment of Zhelin Lake. At the same time, the ecological observation and scientific research work in the Xiuhe River Basin and Zhelin Lake in the region is relatively weak, and the current terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem structure conditions and changing trends in the Zhelin Lake area have not yet been scientifically and comprehensively grasped. Therefore, there is an urgent need to invest in strong environmental monitoring capacity building in the lake area, conduct long-term tracking and observation of the current status and recovery of ecological service functions, and conduct in-depth investigation and evaluation of the health and safety of the Zhelin Lake ecosystem.

1.8.2 There is a "fracture zone" in environmental management. Zhelin Lake watershed management lacks a unified management organization. Since the watershed scope involves Xiushui, Wuning, Yongxiu and the Lushan West Sea Scenic Area Management Committee area , in the process of environmental protection, there are various institutional problems such as cross-management, duplication of management, unclear powers and duties, etc., which prevents many ecological protection work from being carried out well and in-depth.

2 Main situations faced by Zhelin Lake

2.1 Economic and social development situation The river basin is in the middle stage of industrialization, and it is necessary to solve the problem between expanding the industrial scale and adjusting the industrial structure. contradiction, but also to resolve the contradiction between the increasing pressure on resources and the environment and the protection of the ecological environment. At present, the economic development of Xiushui County and Wuning County within the Zhelin Lake Basin is in the stage of structural adjustment. Agriculture is gradually moving towards large-scale, and new and old industrial enterprises are renewed. The counties in the basin have experienced rapid economic development in recent years, especially industrial development. fast. As the reform of the economic system further deepens, the domestic and foreign investment environment continues to improve, infrastructure investment increases, the industrial structure continues to be adjusted and optimized, the collective economy and individual private economy develop rapidly, and the rise of the tertiary industry will enter a stage of stable growth. It is entirely possible for the social economy to maintain rapid and healthy development. Therefore, the contradiction between economic development and environmental protection is prominent, and the pressure on ecological and environmental protection is increasing.

2.2 Ecological environment protection situation The water quality of the main rivers in the Zhelin Lake basin is currently basically stable at the Class II to III standards in the "Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards", but the ecological environment protection in the basin is urgently needed. Concepts need to be changed, from water quality protection to aquatic ecological protection, from pollution control to both prevention and control, and from point source control to non-point source control.

Transformation in the three aspects has become more difficult, and the situation of ecological and environmental protection is not optimistic. Therefore, relevant departments must make unremitting efforts in these aspects.

2.3 Environmental risk prevention situation At present, development activities in Zhelin Lake Scenic Area are accelerating. Cage culture and fertilizer feeding threaten the safety of drinking water sources. Line sources (mobile sources), especially ships, have increased water pollution accidents. risk of occurrence.

3 Scientific countermeasures for the ecological environment protection of Zhelin Lake

For the prevention and protection of water pollution in Zhelin Lake, source control and strengthened management should be the primary measures, and the lake water body should be Mainly conservation, supplemented by management. At the same time, it is very important to adjust the industrial structure of the river basin, which is the core difference from other types of lake management ideas. Therefore, the new concept of Zhelin Lake protection and comprehensive prevention and control is adopted for the prevention and control of water pollution in Zhelin Lake.

3.1 Focus on the ecological safety of the lake to ensure the water quality of the lake area. Zhelin Lake is currently in a stage of good water quality and mesotrophic status. After analyzing the water environment capacity of Zhelin Lake, the current load of total phosphorus removal is close to Except for the Class III environmental capacity value, the current pollutants of other indicators are far less than the Class III environmental capacity value. Therefore, the main limiting factor affecting the economic development of the basin and the water quality of Zhelin Lake is total phosphorus. Its main pollution comes from residents' lives, aquaculture, Livestock and poultry breeding and fertilizer loss. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a project to ban cage aquaculture on the lake in the future, ban cage culture and replace it with clear water to stock various filter-feeding fish; implement a clean water project into the lake, accelerate the construction of industrial park sewage treatment plants and domestic sewage treatment facilities in towns and villages along the lake. Pipeline network construction to increase the sewage take-over rate and treatment rate; combined with the construction of a new socialist countryside ("three cleans, six reforms and four popularizations", that is, cleaning up garbage, sludge, and roadblocks; improving water, toilets, houses, fences, and roads and environment improvement; popularize telephones, biogas, cable TV and solar energy), focus on contiguous and comprehensive improvement of the rural environment in towns and villages along both sides of Zhelin Lake and Xiuhe River; adopt pollution control measures for livestock and poultry breeding around the lake area, and Vigorously promote soil testing and formulated fertilization, and establish soil testing and formulated fertilization demonstration areas; intensify comprehensive environmental improvement efforts around the Lushan West Sea Scenic Area, implement reuse and zero-discharge projects for hotel sewage, and reduce the environmental stress of the tourism industry on waters. Adopting the above measures can effectively reduce the load of nitrogen, phosphorus and other pollutants entering the lake, avoid local eutrophication of the lake, and make the water quality of Zhelin Lake meet functional requirements.

3.2 Focus on ecological conservation of rivers entering Zhelin Lake and reduce the pollution load entering the lake. There are 13 main rivers entering Zhelin Lake. While managing the Zhelin Lake area, it is necessary to strengthen We will carry out ecological conservation and pollution load reduction on rivers entering the lake. We will implement ecological conservation projects on major rivers that enter the lake with heavy pollution, such as the Shatin River, the upper reaches of the Xiu River, the Henglu River, and the Panxi River. We will also implement ecological conservation projects on the buffer zones of rivers entering the lake. Carry out ecological bank protection and inland river dredging and dredging renovation projects, and provide related landscape trees and landscape stones. Plant aquatic plants next to the shoreline, and configure publicity signs. The types of trees can be equipped according to local climate and landscape needs, mainly evergreen shrubs. Trees are the mainstay, and aquatic plants such as lotus leaves, purple-rooted water hyacinth, calamus, and canna are planted around the shoreline waters. The implementation of the project can effectively speed up the flow of the river and improve the self-purification function of the water body in the riverside area. The aquatic plants planted can also intercept a certain amount of pollution entering the lake, and have a good purification effect on the water quality.

3.3 Strict regional emission standards and coordinate the relationship between economic and social development and lake protection. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, my country's water environment management implementation has changed from target total control to total capacity control, and from simple The shift from chemical pollution control to aquatic ecosystem protection calls for further improvement and development of the existing water quality standard system. In recent years, my country has begun research on water quality benchmarks, standards and total pollutant control in watersheds, and has achieved preliminary results [6,7]. However, at present, the only standard for the protection and management of lake water bodies in my country is the Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard (GB3838-2002). The only two water quality indicators related to eutrophication are total nitrogen and total phosphorus. It is difficult to use these indicators to solve the problem of lake water quality. Hua and ecological degradation issues. In particular, there is a lack of indicators to measure ecological response and primary productivity, such as chlorophyll and biomass that characterize primary productivity. Therefore, establishing scientific nutrient benchmarks, formulating appropriate environmental quality standards and emission standards, etc., and proposing environmental optimization and economic growth models suitable for the Zhelin Lake Basin based on the water environment carrying capacity are effective solutions to the ecological and environmental problems of Zhelin Lake. , a key measure to protect biodiversity.

3.4 Optimize the industrial structure and transform the economic growth mode. In terms of land resource regulation in the river basin, the "three lines" are strictly defined within the lake area. According to factors such as the sensitivity of the ecological environment, the degree of land development and utilization, the characteristics of economic and social development, and the industrial layout of the lake area in different areas of the Zhelin Lake area, the Zhelin Lake area is divided into three categories: red line protection area, yellow line control area, and blue line optimization control area. Functional area, strictly implement "third line" environmental protection measures. In terms of industrial structure adjustment, resource utilization regulation is implemented in different industries. In terms of agriculture, we need to focus on the threat of pollution to lakes from agricultural non-point sources such as large-scale livestock and poultry breeding and planting, give full play to the advantages of good ecological environment and characteristic agricultural resources in the region, and promote the development of efficient ecological agriculture.

In terms of industry, it is necessary to strictly enforce environmental access, optimize the layout, use the industrial park as a platform and rely on key enterprises to promote the circular economy development model, promote energy conservation and emission reduction, and target the tungsten ore, antimony ore and Coal and other major minerals will develop a green mining economy. In terms of the tertiary industry, it is necessary to focus on eco-tourism and the development of modern logistics industry, vigorously develop the tertiary industry, rely on the rich tourism resources of Zhelin Lake, highlight the ecological characteristics of Zhelin Lake, showcase local folk culture, and through scenic spot infrastructure The continuous improvement of the scenic spot, the continuous improvement of the popularity of the scenic spot, and the rapid gathering of tourists have formed a framework of tourism projects focusing on sightseeing, sightseeing, and vacation, and built the scenic spot into "the hottest in Jiangxi, famous in the central region, first-class in the country, and famous in the world" tourist destination.

3.5 Strengthen automatic monitoring and innovate management methods. The protection of lakes is inseparable from effective supervision of the watershed. Therefore, in accordance with the idea of ??"controlling sources + strengthening management", while controlling external sources, we will carry out Zhelin Lake Environmental supervision and comprehensive management of the entire basin.

Due to the large area of ??the lake, supervision is difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the monitoring network, strengthen the automatic monitoring capacity of water quality and aquatic ecology in the lake area, and innovate in management methods to promote a virtuous cycle and sustainable development of Zhelin Lake ecological environment protection< /p>