20 18-02-02

Yang, Yu, Ao, Bo, Tu, Mao and Lao.

Hwi Kim

China has a vast territory and a large population, and dialects vary from mountain to mountain and from place to place.

Dialect is a regional variant of language, with obvious regional cultural characteristics, a living fossil of traditional culture and a valuable cultural heritage. Dialect is rooted in folk culture and has folk cultural value.

Wenzhou dialect is also a kind of dialect, which is defined by experts as a sub-dialect of Wu dialect, and is called Ou dialect by the people. There is a great difference between Ou dialect and Putonghua, and it can't communicate with Wu dialect in the north, so some people say that Wenzhou people dare not talk to themselves. No wonder Wenzhou dialect ranks first among the top ten most difficult dialects in China.

Wenzhou dialect has many reasons and complicated sources. In the pre-Qin period, Wenzhou belonged to Yue, with Baiyue as the main body, and spoke the ancient Yue language (belonging to Dong-Tai language). At the same time, it blends with ancient Min dialect, ancient Chu dialect and ancient Jiangdong dialect, thus retaining many ancient sounds in Wenzhou dialect. After the Southern Song Dynasty moved its capital to Lin 'an (Hangzhou), a large number of Han people moved to Wenzhou, which brought the culture of the Central Plains, followed by the elegance of the Central Plains and the assimilation of Wenzhou dialect, which led to the diversity and complexity of Wenzhou dialect, and the phenomenon of phonology without words or the separation of words and sounds appeared in philology. Therefore, some pronunciations of Wenzhou dialect, even in Shuowen Jiezi, are difficult to find the corresponding words, and the computer can't type them. However, these rare words in Wenzhou dialect retain the cultural information of ancient society and have important cultural value in philology, which is a valuable heritage of Wenzhou local culture. It can be said that the words are exquisite and exquisite.

Say "Yang" first.

Shuo Wen Jie Zi does not accept this word. This word can't be found in computer fonts in the early 1990s, so some people complain that computers can't type "Ai", but now "full spelling" can still be typed. However, the place names with "Yang" in Wenzhou can be seen at any time, especially in coastal areas, such as Wenzhou Sanyang, Yueqing Wengyang and Pingyang Wuyang. Only in Wanquanyang area of Pingyang, there are about 20 village names with the word "Yang". Wanquanyang is a plain water network between Feiyun River and Aojiang River, with criss-crossing rivers and flowing water, which is known as the beautiful water town of Wenzhou. Ming Dynasty Pingyang Wanquan seawall records: "Wanquan Township has been passed down from generation to generation as a place where the sea rises". It can be seen that this place has undergone great changes. It used to be in the sea. The modern dictionary points out: Yang, Tian. Dialects, all from Zhejiang Province.

Why does "Yang" mean "Tian" in Wenzhou dialect? This is a gift from nature to human nature, which is related to the geographical environment of Wenzhou.

I once interviewed Professor Wu of Fudan University. He has studied the formation of Wenzhou coastal plain. He believes that there was no coastal plain in ancient Wenzhou. About 5000 years ago, the estuaries of Oujiang River, Feiyun River and Aojiang River in Wenzhou were similar to Hangzhou Bay today, belonging to a submerged valley-shaped bay. The sea has reached qingtian county, Pingyang County and Shuitou Town of Pingyang today, and Daluo Mountain is still an isolated island in the sea. So Shan Hai Jing says "Europe lives in the sea".

According to archaeological findings, the Neolithic human activity sites in Wenzhou are mainly distributed in mountainous areas over 60 meters above sea level, such as Ruian Beilongdaping, Yueqing Baishi Yangliutan, Taishun Baizhang Xiahudun, Wencheng Shanxi Liyu Mountain and Dongtou. These sites are only over 3,000 years away from the earliest sites today. It shows that today's plain area was still a Wang Yang more than 3,000 years ago, and the waves were as high as the sky.

Xie Lingyun, the magistrate of Yongjia, wrote "Swim the Redstone into the Sailing Sea", which is a famous five-character poem. There is a sentence in the poem: "Sail for quarrying, hang seats to meet the sea and the moon", and the Song Dynasty's Yongjia County Records pointed out that "sail around the mountain, the land is used to the sea, and there are many boats, so the mountain is named after sails." Fan Youshan refers to the present Sanyang wetland area. Based on this calculation, Xie Lingyun was only 1600 years ago, when it was still a raging Wang Yang. Therefore, at a seminar on the planning of Sanyang Wetland, I proposed the "Yang Yang" of Sanyang Wetland as its characteristic.

Tides rise and fall, and things change. With the decrease of sea level and the accumulation of coastal sediments, with the active participation of human beings, today's coastal plains have gradually formed, thus forming fields, and these fields still have the original traces of the ocean, so there is "Yang".

Yang, the voice from soil and sheep is pictophonetic, which is related to the field, and the voice of sheep is related to the "foreign surface". Wenzhou people still have the habit of calling the sea surface "ocean surface". Yang was also called "foreigner" in the 23rd play "Yu Meiren" by Zhang Xie. Therefore, the word "Yang" still exists in many place names in Wenzhou. This is the origin of "Yang". "Yang" can only be used in southern Zhejiang. Because there is no word "Tian" in western Zhejiang and northern Zhejiang, it is used instead.

Similarly, the reason why Wenzhou place names have "Yu" is also related to this and is also a cultural symbol left in the vicissitudes of life. Such as Jiang Xinyu, Meiyu, Cocoon, Dongyu, Shuangyu and Huangyu.

Judging from the shape of Yu characters, the ancestors first thought of "mountain" when creating characters, which was related to mountains. Dai Dong, a native of Wenzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote Six Old Stories: "Island, Pingshan." Although Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions on bronze have not been found in island characters, judging from the shape of seal script, the voice of mountain is also meaningful, indicating making friends and joining. Related to the island, but smaller than the mountain. The word island means that birds fly over and gather in the mountains. In other words, these place names with "Yu" were all islands and hills in the sea of Wang Yang in ancient times.

Take Yangfushan Park today as an example. Before Ming and Qing Dynasties, Yangfushan was called Quyushan. Song Dynasty poet Wang Gong wrote a poem entitled "Guan Shenghao and Pu Chuan's Retirement": "If you build on Pu Chuan, you will be far away from this city. Outside Sheng Chao Bookstore, in front of Moon Shadow Fishing Boat. The land is quiet and the world is clean, the sand is flat and the birds sleep. Quiet and interesting, don't ask Xie Chuan. " It is known that as early as 1000 years ago, Yangfu Mountain was still a quiet place, where you could fish under the moon and birds could sleep on the beach. In the second year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 132), Wenzhou established the Municipal Shipping Department to manage and develop overseas trade. The coast of Yangfushan has also become one of the ports in Wenzhou.

And "O", it's the same. Shuowen Jiezi is not accepted, but in today's dictionary, characters are used for specific place names, which refer to coastal areas such as Zhejiang and Fujian, and are called mountainous plains. Therefore, the word "ao" is still related to mountains, but according to the life experience of Wenzhou people, any place name with "ao" not only has mountains, but also is often near water. Such as the North Aoi and Xinqiao Aoi in Dongtou. It should also be a low hill in ancient times. Like Bei 'ao, it is now the seat of a prosperous district government. When you open the window, you can see the sea. In the past, the hills that suddenly appeared here stood in the sea. It is hard-working people who have transformed the environment with their hands and built a beautiful home in Beiao in the sea.

As for "Gàng", it is also a dialect word. Shuowen Jiezi is not only not accepted, but also has no other dictionary, and the computer can't type it. The "soil" here is composed of soil and soil. "Tuyue" comes from Tuyue (Jiang, voiced, voiced in Wenzhou dialect). "Yue" and "Sheng" are homophones. Duan Yucai's "Notes on Explaining Words" said: "It is useless to drop the line." Oracle Bone Inscriptions (Figure 1) is a drop of characters, and the "Fu" on the left represents the stone steps on the mountain; The word "Lu" on the right (Figure 2) is a step backwards. Shuo Wen Jie Zi: Down, down also. It means walking from the top of the mountain to the bottom of the mountain. Therefore, the ancients called going down the mountain "descending" and going up the mountain "climbing".

In Wenzhou dialect, "Tu+Luo" refers to the ridge in the mountain, which is called "Tu+Luo". The word "Yue" in "Tu+Yue" is a phonetic symbol, which has nothing to do with elevation. "Earth+Luo" can be seen from time to time in mountain place names in southern Zhejiang, just because "Earth+Luo" can't be typed on the computer, and now some of them are changed to "bar" or "bar" (bar, crossbar in front of the bed), such as Matougang, Fengwo Township, Pingyang County, one of the sites of the first congress in Zhejiang Province. Originally called Matou Tuyue, it had to be changed to Matougang because of its dialect and rarity. In fact, this word is very distinctive in Wenzhou dialect. In Yongjia and Wencheng mountainous areas, this word is still commonly used in place names. As Wenzhou said, the blue veins on the back of the hand are "dirt+bangs". Wait a minute. "Tu+Yue" is still fresh and fragrant in the spoken language of Wenzhou people.

"Loss" is also typical in Wenzhou dialect. One of Zhu Ziqing's prose Traces of Wenzhou is Baishuikuang. In a short span of more than 230 words, Mr. Zhu described the masterpiece of nature, white water, brilliantly and attractively. I remember knowing about the Baishui Mine in Yongjia before reading "Traces of Wenzhou". When I was a child, I lived in Shuomen, by the Oujiang River. After every heavy rain, I look north on Wangjiang Road, and there is a white practice hanging in the middle of the opposite mountain. Some people suspect that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days. It seems that the word "loss" can also be known. At that time, the school organized our spring outing, and Baishui Mine was a must-see attraction. On the verdant cliffs that can be seen everywhere, the spray of waterfalls jumps happily on the stones, as if singing a brisk song and flowing from top to bottom, which left us a very deep impression. But at that time I didn't understand why it was called Baishuikuang. What does this mean?

"Ji" (Yin Ji) refers to the waterfalls in Zhejiang and Fujian. Such as Wencheng Baizhangkuang and Tengqiao Chaokuang Village. Chaokuang Village is the hometown of Mr. Liu, a famous historical and cultural figure in Wenzhou. There is a tidal mine bridge under the bridge where Pujiang flows. It is said that the defensive Pujiang River flows into the Oujiang River, and the tide of the Oujiang River once rose here, forming a waterfall-like gap, so people call it the tide. But now the place name here has been changed to Chaoji, probably because of dialect characters, so it is easy to find trouble on the computer.

And the word "Cape". Seeing this word reminds me of working in Wencheng when I was young. When I was assigned to Wencheng as a worker after graduating from school, I was new here. I don't know why it was called heavy hair, especially the word "Mao". Later, I heard from the workers in the factory that it is surrounded by mountains and the flat land is cramped. Looking up at the sky, it is only the size of an iron pot cover, and the terrain of the county is like an "iron pot". But the sound of "Zhong" and "Mao" is similar, so it is called it. This is actually a folk saying. However, as far as I can remember, residents living in "iron pots" are really sultry in hot summer, just like a stuffy pot.

Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Cape, mountainous and rocky." I don't think so, based on my life experience of Dashan. The mountains here are not high, and there are not many stones, just surrounded by mountains. Perhaps some readers know that in autumn, the ancient Hongfeng road on the mountain is like a colorful ribbon, attracting many tourists to climb it, and the mountain is not necessarily high. However, it used to be called "Big Crane" because the terrain is like a big crane spreading its wings, so it is more accurate to change the homonym to "Big Cape".

The word "Mao" is not used frequently in other places, but only in place names. In addition to the big caves, there is also a cave town where Wenzhou must go to Wencheng. It must be surrounded by mountains and named after the exit. In the old days, the means of transportation in the middle and upper reaches of Feiyun River were called "big ships". In addition, as a place name, Damao should be earlier than wencheng county. Wencheng was separated from the border areas of Rui 'an, Qingtian and Taishun counties in 1946, so it was named after posthumous title Wencheng and Liu Ji (Liu Bowen), the founding father of the Ming Dynasty. Although the appellation of Dayu is different, it basically continues to this day.

There is also a word old. The word "Liao" is often associated with temples in the spoken language of Wenzhou people, and the temple is called "Buddha Liao". One of my relatives is an old man who worships Buddha and recites scriptures. Ask her where she's from. She replied, I'm from a Buddhist temple. Qingfu Temple, where Master Hongyi lived for more than ten years, is located near the old city wall (now Renmin Road in the urban area) and is also called Xialiao in the city. Master Hongyi even sent the letter to Xialiao, Wenzhou City. It is said that there was a nun named Shi Shui Liao in the "Shi Shui Liao" not far from Fu Qian Street, so it has been passed down to this day. Xinhe Street and Baita Lane. Historically, there was Baishang Xinsheng Temple in the alley, commonly known as Baitaliao, hence the name Baita Lane. Liao is the house where monks live.

In fact, the word "le" in Wenzhou dialect is not the original meaning, but an extension. In Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Xu Shen regarded the word "Liao" as a variant of Liao, and called it "good-looking", but now it seems not necessarily. Judging from the glyph, Liao and Cong Mi (mián, sound cotton. The meaning of house), from the voice of liào Yao Yao, is a knowing and pictophonetic word. Because it is the first word of "Liao", that is, fire is bright. There is a bright place in the house, which is a window, so the original meaning is a small window. Later, it was extended to the meaning of monk's house.

Besides, there are many place names named after Liao in rural areas in southern Zhejiang, especially in mountainous areas, just like those named after Ao and Yang. For example, mushroom Liao in Taishun, Xialiao in Yongjia, Huangliao in Wencheng and Yuliao in Cangnan. There are a lot of names to call. Take Cangnan Liao Yu as an example. It is said to be the 18th year of Qing Shunzhi (166 1). In order to prevent coastal residents from helping Zheng Chenggong, the Qing court ordered the coastal residents to move back to the mainland in 10, with wooden stakes as the boundary. In this way, residents in Liao Yu are forced to leave their homes and emigrate, and the border is a stake. In this way, residents in Liao Yu were forced to leave their homes and emigrate, leaving the original site desolate and desolate. In the first year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1723), two surnames, Ke and Yang, moved here from Quanzhou, Fujian Province. They used thatch as their material and made a living by fishing, so they called this place. It can be seen that Liao is a hut made of thatch and bamboo. This should be different from the monk's hut. It is said that in the She language of the She nationality, the house is also called Lao. Therefore, the word Liao is very common in Wenzhou place names.

Wenzhou dialect is rich in vocabulary and has obvious regional and cultural characteristics. The dialect words listed above are basically related to Wenzhou local culture. Judging from the existence and preservation of these words, they express the clues of Wenzhou culture and are worth cherishing.