Russian tsiolkovsky's information.

Tsiolkovski, Konstantin Eduardovich,1857.9.17 ~1935.9.19 Russian and Soviet scientists, founders of modern astronautics and rocket theory. 1September 857 17 was born in the Russian town of Izhevskoye (now Ryazan). /kloc-after 0/4 years old, he dropped out of school because of almost complete hearing loss, and completed mathematics and science courses in middle schools and universities mainly by self-study. From 65438 to 0880, he began to teach in Borovsk County School in Kaluga Province and began his research work. Research topics include: the basic principles of metal balloons (airships), streamlined aircraft, air-cushion trains and interstellar rockets.

1903 published the world's first theoretical work on jet motion, Research Space with Jet Tools, put forward the concept and schematic diagram of liquid propellant rocket, and deduced the calculation formula of rocket speed increment when the engine is running without considering aerodynamic force and gravity, which laid a theoretical foundation for the study of rocket and liquid rocket engine. After the October Revolution, tsiolkovsky's intelligence was brought into full play. He has made great achievements in studying the principle of jet flight: he put forward a gas turbine engine scheme, solved the theoretical problem of spacecraft landing on the planet surface, studied the influence of atmosphere on rocket flight, and discussed the problem from rocket to artificial earth satellite for the first time. Tsiolkovsky wrote more than 730 works in his life. 1932, the Soviet government awarded him the Labor Red Flag Medal. 1935 September 19 died in Kaluga.

childhood

1September, 857 17, tsiolkovsky was born in a beautiful village in Ryazan province, and his father named him Constantine. There are seven children in this family, and Constantine is the fifth. About his parents, Constantine recalled in his later years: "My father was always so calm. Among acquaintances, he is smart and eloquent, while among bureaucrats, he is known for his blushing and unbearable integrity. " My father likes architecture. He once led several children to build models of buildings and palaces, and always told his sons to do more manual work and stand on their own feet. Mothers are completely different personalities. She is lively and enthusiastic. When she is impatient, she speaks loudly and is very capable. Constantine believes that his father gave him a strong will, and his mother gave him talent and enthusiasm for things.

In childhood, Constantine was lively and active, and liked reading and thinking, especially rambling fantasies. He said, "When I was young, I even paid my brother to listen to my crazy ideas. I fantasize that I have great physical strength, and I fantasize that I climb very high along ropes and poles like a cat and see far. " Constantine couldn't go to school because of poor family conditions. The only formal education he received was a few days in a rural school in Iyevsko village. Unfortunately, at the age of 10, he caught a bad cold while skiing, which led to scarlet fever, and finally he was almost completely deaf. Since then, Constantine has been almost isolated from the outside world. Constantine recalled: "I was almost completely deaf, so I became the object of ridicule by the children in the neighborhood." This physical defect alienated me from others, but it made me study hard and forget all my troubles with fantasy. " Injured self-esteem always seeks other ways to supplement and satisfy, and Constantine begins to fantasize that he is some great heroes.

Perhaps all the hardships suffered by any great man in his early days are the necessary conditions for him to become a great man. Constantine cut off contact with the outside world because of deafness, but since then he has embarked on the road of independent thinking and good at fantasy. While studying book knowledge, he tested his knowledge in various ways. On one occasion, he made his own protractor and measured the distance from the fire station at a distance of 284 meters without leaving home. Then, he checked on foot, and the result was completely correct, which doubled his confidence in science and he began to understand the guiding significance of theoretical knowledge to real life.

Schooling career

With the growth of age, parents have to consider their children's further education. When tsiolkovsky 16 years old, his father used the money he saved to send him to Moscow to study. Although he can't go to school at this time, the environment in Moscow is obviously much superior to that in the countryside. During more than three years in Moscow, he completely entered the library. The family sends him 15 rubles a month for living expenses and study fees, but he only eats the simplest bread and vegetables and uses the rest of the money to buy books and experimental supplies. He taught himself analytic geometry, advanced algebra and calculus, studied physical chemistry and mechanics, studied astronomy with great interest, and even read a lot of novels and magazines.

In Moscow, tsiolkovsky was sincerely excited about his continuous acquisition of new knowledge, but his physique became weaker and weaker due to long-term malnutrition. 1876 One day, an acquaintance of his father happened to meet him in Moscow and was startled by his tired and weak appearance. So, when tsiolkovsky's father received the letter from that man, he came in person and was forced to go home.

Amateur exploration

1In the autumn of 877, tsiolkovsky passed the qualification examination for rural middle school teachers. Four months later, he was appointed as a math teacher in a middle school in Borov County, Kaluga Province. In Borough County, he rented two houses to live in. The landlord is a widow and has a daughter named sokolova. Tsiolkovsky set up his own laboratory and started independent research while teaching. Later, he married sokolova.

188 1 year, tsiolkovsky did a lot of thinking and research on gas theory, finished a paper and sent it to the Physical Chemistry Society in Petersburg. Scientists of the Society were very surprised when they saw tsiolkovsky's paper. Because the contents and conclusions of the paper are completely correct, this problem was successfully solved more than 20 years ago. Scientists don't think this young man is a liar or a plagiarist. They think that this young scholar may be out of touch with the outside world and not know that his "discovery" has been going on for many years. Mendeleev, a famous scientist, wrote a carefully worded letter to tsiolkovsky, expressing his appreciation for his work and achievements, and encouraging him, hoping that he would make greater achievements in the future.

1892, tsiolkovsky's research interest turned to airships. He published many papers about airships and put forward the idea of all-metal rigid airships. During this period, he also studied the plane, but due to lack of funds, the experiment could not be carried out. This made him realize that it is difficult to get practical results for large-scale engineering problems like airships or airplanes by one person in his spare time. So he felt that he should do some theoretical research. At this time, he began to devote his main energy to space flight research.

Spatial theory

In tsiolkovsky's life, he was most interested in, spent the most energy and achieved the greatest success in aerospace. At an early age, questions about interstellar travel began to attract him strongly. He recalled in 19 1 1: "For a long time, like others, I thought the rocket was just a useless toy. It is difficult for me to recall exactly how I started to calculate the problem about rockets. For me, the first seeds of space flight thought were sown by jules verne's fantasy novels, and they formed a clear direction in my mind. I began to regard it as a serious activity. "

While studying in Moscow, tsiolkovsky began to think about ways to realize space flight. /kloc-when he was 0/6 years old, he suddenly thought of using centrifugal force. This made him extremely excited, thinking that he had found his way to interstellar space. He later recalled: "I was so happy that I couldn't sleep all night that night." I slowly wandered the streets of Moscow, thinking about the significance of this discovery. But at dawn the next day, I finally realized that my reasoning was wrong. "

1882 mastered Newton's third law in the process of self-study. This seemingly simple principle of action and reaction made him suddenly enlightened. In his diary on March 28th, he wrote: "If an opening is opened at one end of the barrel filled with high-pressure gas, the gas will be ejected through this small opening, which will generate a reaction force on the barrel and make the barrel move in the opposite direction." This passage is an image description of the principle of rocket flight.

1883, in a paper entitled "Free Space", tsiolkovsky formally proposed to use the reaction device as the propulsion power of space travel tools. His qualitative explanation of this rocket power is that the theoretical basis of rocket motion is Newton's third law and the law of conservation of energy. These ideas were further developed in the science fiction novel On the Moon published by 1893 and the Earth-Moon Phenomenon and the Effect of Gravitation written by 1895. 1896, he began to study the related problems of interstellar navigation in theory, and further clarified that only rockets can achieve this goal. 1897, he deduced the famous equation of rocket motion.

research results

On the basis of these works, tsiolkovsky completed the classic research paper "Using Jet Tools to Study Space" in 1898, and then he wrote in 19 10,191,/kloc-0. These excellent works systematically laid the theoretical foundation of astronautics.

After studying the theory of rocket motion, tsiolkovsky studied and prospected the problem of interstellar navigation. In the paper published in 19 1 1, he described in detail the whole process of manned spacecraft from launch to orbit, including the spectacular scene when the spacecraft took off, the influence of overweight and weightlessness on astronauts, the strange performance of objects in weightlessness, and the fascinating landscapes of the earth and the sky at different heights. People read his works as if they were in a spaceship.

Tsiolkovsky is not only a down-to-earth scientist, but also an enthusiastic explorer. In an article entitled "Space Rocket Work: 1903- 1927", he systematically summarized his work and achievements in rocket and space research. Then, he looked forward to the future development stage of aerospace. These stages include: rocket car, rocket plane, artificial satellite, manned spacecraft, space factory, space base, full use of solar energy, outer space travel, planetary base and interstellar flight of stars. His idea of using plants to produce food and oxygen, relying on rotation to produce gravity and making better use of solar energy in spacecraft is still the research direction in the aerospace field.

The October Revolution changed tsiolkovsky's living and research conditions, and his social status was greatly improved. 19 19 was elected as an academician of the academy of socialist sciences, and 192 1 the meeting of the people's Committee of the Soviet Socialist Federation decided to give him a special personal pension. Since then, he has devoted himself more diligently to the study of astronautics. Before the October Revolution, tsiolkovsky wrote 130 papers, and later wrote more than 450. More importantly, under the influence of his papers and works, a group of rocket and space enthusiasts embarked on the road of space exploration. His achievements have also been widely recognized in Europe and America. German space pioneer Aubert once said in a letter to tsiolkovsky: "You lit the torch, and we will never let it go out. Let us strive to realize the greatest dream of mankind. "

However, he is still not satisfied with his great achievements. In 193 1, he wrote: "I was severely deaf since I was a child, which made me completely ignore my daily life style, so I lacked" communication ". This may be the reason why I am still making slow progress at the age of 68 and have not achieved real success. Meditation, calculation and experiment make up my whole life. The workshop on the ground floor of my home has always been with me. Even if it was destroyed by fire and flood, I quickly recovered it ... the main problem is far from being solved. Do I still have enough ability or health to allow me to turn these ideas into reality? "

With the upsurge of rocket and space research all over the world, tsiolkovsky's fame is also growing rapidly. 1932 On his 75th birthday, Soviet newspapers and magazines published long articles about his deeds and scientific achievements, and Stalin also sent him a congratulatory message on his birthday. At that time, the old man became an outstanding people's hero in the Soviet Union. He is full of hope for the new era. In a letter to Stalin, he expressed his excitement: "All my work in aviation, rockets and space flight is for the Bolsheviks and the Soviet government, outstanding leaders in the development of human culture. I fully believe that under their leadership, we will be able to successfully accomplish these great undertakings. "

Spiritual eternity

1935 On September 9th, tsiolkovsky died in Kaluga at the age of 78. He won many honors in his later years. After his death, the Soviet government gave him more honors: 1954, the Soviet Academy of Sciences established the tsiolkovsky Gold Medal; The government built a memorial statue for him and the tsiolkovsky Museum in Kaluga. He is known as the "father of Russian space flight" and the greatest pioneer of space flight in the world. Today, there is still a famous saying in the aerospace industry, which was written by tsiolkovsky in his letter to Aviation Review magazine: "The earth is the cradle of mankind, but mankind cannot be bound in the cradle forever."