Basic overview of ecological migration

Ecological migration refers to the population migration in order to protect or restore the special ecology of a certain area, such as the large-scale migration in the source areas of the Three Rivers (Yangtze River, Yellow River and Lancang River). Sanjiangyuan is the largest ecological function area and water conservation area in China, which plays an ecological barrier role in the sustainable development of the middle and lower reaches and even the whole country. Because human activities have aggravated the ecological degradation in this area, local residents have been moved to other places through natural restoration.

Eco-migration also refers to immigrants who move out the local people as a whole because of the harsh natural environment and the lack of poverty alleviation conditions in the local area. For example, in Mashan area of Guizhou Province, due to the continuous loss of water and soil resources, the local people have lost their basic living conditions and have to move to other places.

China began to implement ecological migration in 2000, and there were about 7 million peasant immigrants in the western region alone. Rio de Janeiro Declaration of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 1992 points out: "In order to achieve sustainable development and enable all people to enjoy a higher quality of life, countries should reduce and eliminate unsustainable production and consumption patterns and implement appropriate population policies". At the same time, the declaration of the United Nations General Assembly 1982 also pointed out: "Areas degraded by human activities should be restored and used for the purpose of matching their natural potential and satisfying the welfare of the damaged residents."

Ecological migration refers to the migration to protect the special ecology or restore the ecology of a certain area, and also refers to the overall migration of the local population due to the harsh natural environment and the lack of local poverty alleviation conditions.

In the reservoir area of the Three Gorges Project, which is more than 5,000 kilometers around the reservoir (the planned green belt around the reservoir is more than 2,000 kilometers), between the water level in front of the reservoir dam 175 meters and the 20-year return line and the first watershed ridge, in addition to the relocated towns, industrial and mining enterprises and rural immigrants in the reservoir area, some poor people live in areas with serious soil erosion or fragile ecological environment. Because there are many poverty-stricken counties in the reservoir area, some rural poor people live in places with poor ecological environment. The main reasons for the deterioration of ecological environment in remote mountainous areas are small population, poor resources, backward economy and serious soil erosion.

Significance and purpose of ecological migration in the three gorges. The main content of ecological migration planning research. Relevant countermeasures: strengthen policy research and ecological migration according to law; Plan and design in time to promote the implementation of the work; Pay attention to resource integration and raise funds through multiple channels; Strengthen publicity and education to create a public opinion environment; Improve the organization and strengthen the management responsibility; Science and technology contribute to development and promote stability and prosperity.

Ecological migration in the Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River (hereinafter referred to as ecological migration) is to protect the ecological environment in the Three Gorges area and ensure the safety of water resources and water quality in the Three Gorges reservoir. Ecological migration is a strategic measure to fully implement Scientific Outlook on Development, coordinate the harmonious development between man and nature, accelerate the construction of ecological barrier zone in the Three Gorges reservoir area, protect and improve the ecological environment in the Three Gorges reservoir area, and ensure the water resources environment and water quality safety in the Three Gorges reservoir area. Adhere to the ruling idea of people-oriented and building a harmonious society, adjust the economic and social development strategy in poor mountainous areas, implement the spatial transfer strategy, and relocate residents in the Three Gorges reservoir area who are unsuitable for population living, fragile ecological environment and sensitive areas to areas with better production and living conditions, so as to solve the fundamental way for farmers with poor living conditions and harsh environment to fight poverty, move towards a well-off society in an all-round way and realize the all-round development of people. Ecological migration is of great practical and far-reaching historical significance for solving the problem of population overload and harsh natural environment conditions in the Three Gorges reservoir area, rapidly improving the living standards and quality of residents in the immigrant area, accelerating the pace of urbanization in the Three Gorges reservoir area, promoting the coordinated and sustainable development of immigrants in the Three Gorges reservoir area with economy, society and environment, ensuring the safety of water resources, environment and water quality in the Three Gorges reservoir area, and building a harmonious society in the reservoir area.

In order to do a good job in ecological migration, it is necessary to carry out ecological migration planning research in time according to the overall planning outline of reservoir management in the Three Gorges reservoir area and the relevant plans for building a well-off society in an all-round way in Chongqing and Hubei Three Gorges reservoir area. Ecological migration adheres to the principle of voluntariness and fully respects public opinion and folk customs. The construction of new immigrant villages should not only have complete living conditions, but also need comprehensive consideration in education and health, so that immigrants can "move out, stay and get rich". Specifically, there are the following principles:

(1) Market-oriented principle. Ecological migration is mainly guided by the market, supplemented by government help.

(2) The principle of voluntary participation of the masses. Ecological immigrants must adhere to the voluntary will of the masses from beginning to end, and do not engage in compulsory orders.

(3) the principle of government assistance. To implement ecological migration, governments at all levels and relevant departments should strengthen leadership, actively organize and coordinate, give policies and help, and give full play to the leading and helping role of the government in ecological migration.

(4) The principle of multi-party financing. Ecological resettlement funds are raised in various ways, such as state subsidies, local support, ecological compensation in beneficiary areas, and self-financing by the masses, so as to realize multi-channel and multi-level capital investment.

5] The principle of adjusting measures to local conditions and stressing practical results. Implement ecological migration, do not engage in a unified model, proceed from reality and stress practical results; According to the specific conditions of various localities and the wishes of the masses, various forms such as agriculture, secondary and tertiary industries, self-employment, labor services and education are adopted for resettlement.

[6] The principle of overall arrangement and policy guarantee. Ecological migration should make overall consideration, unified planning, rational layout and overall arrangement, and study and formulate relevant policies to ensure the gradual implementation and steady progress of ecological migration.

Once the principle of combining ecological migration with ecological construction. Ecological migration should be combined with various control measures such as returning farmland to forests and grasslands in the reservoir area, protecting natural forest resources, controlling soil and water in small watersheds, controlling geological disasters, building ecological barrier belts, and key ecological environment control projects to achieve multiple goals such as population reduction and ecological environment control.

Principle of territorial management. Ecological immigrants must be resettled locally and managed in the territory to ensure the normal and orderly production and life of ecological immigrants and stable resettlement. (1) The water level in front of the dam in the Three Gorges reservoir area planned by the state175m is within the slope of 300m on the backwater line with the ecological barrier construction belt around the reservoir, once every five years. Rural villagers in resettlement areas and concentrated residential areas in this period are not considered, but only villagers whose per capita cultivated land area of scattered farmers is less than 0.7 mu, whose cultivated land quality is poor and water conservancy is not matched.

(2) Some villagers with extremely poor production and living conditions between the ecological barrier belt around the reservoir and the first watershed: First, the housing structure is poor and the per capita area is small; Second, the production conditions are poor, the per capita arable land is insufficient 1 mu, and the water conservancy is not matched; Third, villagers whose children go to primary school for more than 3 kilometers and seek medical treatment for more than 5 kilometers.

(3) The reservoir becomes an isolated island after impoundment, and villagers with poor production and living conditions are not included in the planned islands of the reservoir area.

(4) The resettlement quality of a few rural migrants in the reservoir area is poor. Immigrants whose per capita arable land is less than 0.3 mu, whose land quality is poor and water conservancy is difficult to match, and their living standards have dropped significantly after relocation, need to move for the second time.

Planning year and target

According to the actual situation of the Three Gorges reservoir area, combined with the accumulated experience of immigrants in the reservoir area, based on the principle of seeking truth from facts and acting according to one's abilities, and in coordination with the development plans of Chongqing and Hubei Province in the 11th Five-Year Plan, the planning period of ecological immigration construction is 2007-20 10, and * * 4 years.

After four years' efforts, the planned ecological migrants have been basically relocated, the ecological environment in the reservoir area has been significantly improved, the ecological circular economy has developed greatly, and the quality of life and comprehensive quality of the immigrant population has been significantly improved. The market towns and rural structural systems with reasonable urban layout, moderate scale and economic prosperity have initially formed in the Three Gorges reservoir area, and urban and rural and regional development has entered a benign track of comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development.