What are the characteristics of architecture in Ningxia?

Ningxia is rich in regional culture, and the integration of Xixia culture, frontier fortress culture, Islamic culture, immigrant culture and Chinese culture has produced unique local buildings. Generally speaking, the residential style in Ningxia is simple, and the building technology and materials contain the hard work and wisdom of the working people to conquer nature. Because of this, caves, castles and other buildings are the representatives of traditional buildings in Ningxia. So what are the characteristics of caves and castles in Ningxia? Then continue to browse the following brief introduction of Ningxia architectural style! Ningxia is rich in regional culture, and the integration of Xixia culture, frontier fortress culture, Islamic culture, immigrant culture and Chinese culture has produced unique local buildings. Generally speaking, the residential style in Ningxia is simple, and the building technology and materials contain the hard work and wisdom of the working people to conquer nature.

1. Main architectural forms of traditional villages in Ningxia

1. The oldest living form-cave dwelling

Cave dwellings are widely distributed, but generally surround the Loess Plateau and its edge. It is distributed in parts of Shanxi, northwestern Shaanxi, Qingyang, Gansu, western Henan and southern Ningxia. Guyuan is located on the Loess Plateau under Liupanshan Mountain. The yellow land provided natural conditions for early ancestors to dig caves, and the early survival and residence of human beings benefited from caves. The vegetable garden site in the late Neolithic period in Haiyuan county has appeared in the form of cave dwelling or semi-crypt residence of ancestors thousands of years ago. Today, caves are still one of people's living forms, and their vitality is still fresh. According to the current investigation, caves are divided into cliff kiln, pit kiln and hoop kiln.

(1) Traditional architectural style

From the perspective of inheritance, due to the different natural geographical environment between the north and the south, the architectural styles of residential buildings in the north and south of Ningxia are not exactly the same, mainly as follows:

First, it is a herringbone building. From the cultural background, Guyuan is close to Guanzhong and belongs to the sub-culture area of Qin culture. Geographically speaking, it is located in Liupanshan area, with more rain and humid climate. Reflected in the construction, the roof slope is steep, which is beneficial to the roof running water. Locals call it "installation room" or "shelf room".

Second, it is a slope type, or a slope, also called an arched wooden house. This kind of house is relatively simple to build and its architectural style is relatively common. The back wall of this kind of house is very high, with one side inclined to the top, and the rain flows down a slope. Doors and windows are not as delicate as the installation room.

Third, it is a flat-roofed house in the north-central part. Because the Tengger Desert, Jilin Badain Desert, Kubuqi Desert and Mu Us Desert on the periphery of Ningxia Plain are dry and rainy. Such an environment also affects people's food, clothing, housing and transportation. There are many flat-roofed houses in traditional villages, and the materials are also made from local materials. In fact, the use value is equivalent to the "Ji Hu" of Guyuan in the south. In fact, in addition to climate, rain, environmental factors and living customs, flat-roofed houses in the north are also influenced by economic factors. Ma Yuepo stockade in Dongtasi Township, Litong District, Wuzhong City is an example.

Fourth, it is a tall house. This is a common architectural form in traditional villages in northwest China, especially in southern Ningxia. In the traditional dry-built quadrangles, the southwest corner or southeast corner of the courtyard wall is mostly where tall houses are built. In the records of Guyuan dialect, it is called "the house on the top of the kiln or the house built on the fence corner", and it is called a high house, which has the function of anti-theft.

2. Special Building-Castle

The so-called characteristic buildings here mainly refer to various types and new castles that can be seen. In the history of Ningxia, the geographical position is just at the junction of the Central Plains and the frontier. In the process of military reclamation and war defense in past dynasties, many walled castles were built, especially since Ming and Qing Dynasties, including the period of the Republic of China. There are many such castles in Guyuan, South China, with about 300 or 400 castles. First, purely military defense castles are mostly located in some major traffic routes or steep places, with a large urban area. Second, the castles built during the Republic of China were mostly defensive buildings spontaneously built by the people, and they were mostly integrated with traditional villages in layout. Some castles are still used at home and are well preserved.

3. Present situation of traditional villages

Cave dwellings over 100 years: Cave dwellings in Ningxia are mainly distributed in Pengyang, Yanchi, Haiyuan, Tongxin and other counties, and cave dwellings over 100 years are mainly concentrated in Pengyang and Yanchi. There are relatively concentrated caves in Guanjizhang, Mahuangshan Town, Yanchi County, and there are three layers of caves. The cave site is clear, which reflects the survival process of people here and records the changes of cave excavation. The first generation of caves, leaving only the kiln site; The second generation caves are well preserved, and the doors, windows and lattice windows on the caves are basically well preserved, but most of them have been abandoned and become places for placing sundries. The third generation caves are brand-new, and most of the cave walls are brick stickers. Ecological migration in recent years, but there are still families. In some places in Pengyang County, it is also roughly the same.

Old buildings over a hundred years old: Tongxin Mosque, Najiahu Mosque, Dongfu, Yuyang Temple in Jinghe Town, Majiamiao, Jingyuan, Mayuepo Zhaizi, etc. These include not only preserved ancient mosque buildings, but also rare Ming and Qing palace buildings in northwest China, as well as old houses in traditional village culture.

Old houses about 50 years old: the architectural style, materials and construction technology of this kind of old houses are the styles and characteristics of that era. Its distribution area is mostly in nanbu county. In recent decades, due to the relocation of immigrants, especially the construction of new countryside and the renovation of dangerous houses in recent years, many old houses have disappeared. In the rural areas of northern Sichuan, it is rare to see old houses about 50 years old. Even in Yuanzhou District, a southern mountainous area with relatively good conditions, it is difficult to see such original ecological houses.

4. The remains of industrial buildings

Industrial architecture sites reflect and record the development of industrial civilization in Ningxia. From the field investigation, it is mainly concentrated in Shizuishan City, which is relatively complete. First, the ground buildings, cinemas, old houses and gatehouses in Shizuishan mining area. , including the propaganda slogans carried on these buildings, Mao Zedong's poems and calligraphy works of the year; The fields cultivated by the agriculture and forestry departments in the past, the canals excavated, and the elm and locust trees shaded on both sides of the canals are all sand-proof belts, which can be used as mineral materials-pillars for digging wells; 60 years ago, the cellar of the farm, cave-style houses, warehouses, etc. ; In the old house of Quanjian Farm and the supply and marketing cooperative building, the words "develop economy and ensure supply" on the building are original; The words "fight with the sky, fight with people and fight with the earth" are still hung on the bridge of the Grand Canal dug by the farm. The other is the cultural remains of Helan Mountain Valley. One is a barracks built in the depths of leek valley decades ago. After the withdrawal of the garrison, the barracks are still well preserved, including the military material warehouse. The second is the Great Wall and the beacon tower of the Ming Dynasty. Thirdly, the original former building of Dashuigou Northwest Bearing Factory in Helan Mountain, including the Ming Great Wall and the rock paintings in the valley, was just demolished last year, but three tall propaganda monuments are still there, and the posters on them are still clearly visible.

Two. Ten landmark buildings in Ningxia

1. Phoenix Monument

Phoenix Monument, also known as "Monument of National Unity", was built at 1984, at the entrance of the west gate of Yinchuan City. This monument is about 20 meters high. On the top of the monument's semicircle stands a stainless steel phoenix, about 3 meters high, with its head facing east, which is lifelike and a symbol of Yinchuan. Formerly, it was the Ximen Tower in Yinchuan, with a simple and gloomy civil structure. With the surrounding buildings rising again and again, the dilapidated tower was finally demolished in the 1970 s and became a vague memory of the bustling streets. At the top of the semicircle of the monument, stands a stainless steel phoenix, about 3 meters high, with its head facing east, lifelike and a symbol of Yinchuan.

2. Nanguan Mosque

Nanguan Mosque is one of the largest mosques in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in northern China, located in the old city of Yinchuan. It has a high position in the minds of the Hui people in Ningxia. The mosque covers an area of about 1000 square meters, with a construction area of more than 2,000 square meters. The main hall is 26 meters high, and the upper hall can accommodate 1300 people to worship at the same time. There is a bathroom, a chapel, a women's chapel, an imam bedroom in an Arabic school and a reception room on the lower floor. In the center of the building stands a big green dome and four small domes, and the crescent moon sign hangs high on the top. There is a 30-meter-high "Li Xuanta" on both sides of the main hall, and a fountain with a diameter of 15 meters is set in the middle. The whole building has strict layout, gorgeous decoration, exquisite elegance and grandeur. Thousands of Muslims gather here to engage in normal religious activities every "main hemp day" or the annual traditional Hui festival. Now, Nanguan Mosque is not only a place for religious activities in Yinchuan and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, but also one of the famous tourist attractions in this region.

3. China Lycium barbarum Museum

China Lycium barbarum Museum is located in Desheng Industrial Park, Yinchuan, a national economic and technological development zone. It was planned and invested by Ningxia Bairuiyuan Lycium barbarum Industry Co., Ltd., and was established in 2009. It was completed and put into use in 20 1 1 year, which lasted for three years. The building area is 4000 square meters, with a total investment of about 30 million yuan. 20 1 1 was awarded "national AAA-level tourist scenic spot", and 20 13 was named "cultural industry demonstration base of autonomous region".

4. Chengtian Temple Tower

Chengtian Temple in xingqing district, Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, was built in the Xixia period (1050). It is reported that after the death of Li Yuanhao, the founding emperor of Xixia, his son ascended the throne at a young age. In order to protect her son's "eternal life", Empress Dowager Cixi prayed that Li Jia and Xixia Jiangshan would be "immortal". Built Chengtian Temple and stupa. Chengtian Temple Tower is an octagonal brick tower with dense eaves and a height of 64.5 meters, which is 0.5 meters higher than the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi 'an. Chengtian Temple is east-west and consists of two courtyards. The buildings and halls are large in scale; The front yard is the Five Buddhas Hall and the Chengtian Temple Tower; There are Wei Tuo Hall and Lying Buddha Hall in the backyard. In ancient times, Chengtian Temple had "Celebrities from the East" and "Masters from the West", and the incense was flourishing, with endless visitors. Like the Huguo Temple in Wuwei and the reclining Buddha Temple in Zhangye, it is a famous Buddhism in Xixia. On May 25th, 2006, Chengtian Temple Tower, as an ancient building in Qing Dynasty, was approved by the State Council to be included in the sixth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

5. Yinchuan Sea Tower

Haibaota Temple is one of the key Buddhist temples in China, located in the northwest of xingqing district, Yinchuan City. Haibaota Temple, known as "Haibao Temple" in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, is located at 1.5km northwest of Yinchuan City. The temple is surrounded by lush willows and trees and the environment is very quiet. The stupa in the temple is the oldest Buddhist building in Ningxia and one of the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in China.

6. Yinchuan Drum Tower

Yinchuan Bell and Drum Tower is located at the intersection of Jiefang East Street and Pedestrian Street in Yinchuan City, also known as "Cross Drum Tower" and "Four Drum Towers", commonly known as "Drum Tower". The building is 36 meters high and covers an area of 576 square meters. It consists of a platform, a pavilion and a turret. The abutment is square, with a side length of 24 meters and a height of 8.5 meters, and is made of masonry. Now it is a key cultural relics protection unit in Yinchuan City, Ningxia.

7. China returned to the Cultural Park.

China Return Cultural Park is located in the north of Najiahu Mosque in Yongning County, close to the Yongning exit of Beijing-Tibet Expressway. It is based on the ancient mosque and the village with strong Hui customs, and is characterized by Islamic architectural culture, etiquette and customs culture, food culture, religious culture and farming business culture. The project was approved by the autonomous region in 200 1, and the national debt fund was obtained twice160 thousand yuan. The construction of the whole park includes five major projects: infrastructure, Hui museum, etiquette museum, Hui commercial street and returning home people, which fills the gap in the concentrated display of key scenic spots of Hui culture in the whole region and is listed as one of the key development projects of tourism in the tenth five-year plan by the autonomous region. It is the only exhibition place of Hui culture and customs in China. Cultural parks with ethnic and Islamic cultural characteristics are attracting the attention of the world and are appreciated and affirmed by people from all walks of life at home and abroad.

8. Tongxin Mosque in Ningxia

Located on the highland in the northwest corner of the old town of Tongxin County, Ningxia, it is the oldest and largest Islamic building in Ningxia. According to legend, it was built in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573- 1620). According to the calligraphy inscription on the ridge of Zhaobitang, it was rebuilt twice in the fifty-sixth year of Qing Qianlong (179 1) and the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907). The shape of Tongxin Mosque is different from that of the mainland. It is more like a tower, which passes through the voucher hole from the door and has steps to climb the platform as high as 10 meters. The abutment is made of bricks and covers an area of more than 3,500 square meters. There are a worship hall, Li Xuanlou and an Imam's house. The temple gate faces north, and there is an exquisite brick carving in front of it, which imitates the wooden structure, "Hanging pine and cypress on the moon". It is a building that combines the traditional wooden structure of China with the decorative art of Islamic woodcut brick carving. On the pedestal above the gate, stands a light and beautiful bunker building with a two-story pyramid roof. To the north of the bunker building, sitting in the worship hall from west to east, it is a magnificent building with a single eaves resting on the top of the mountain. It consists of a boron-rolled roof and two rest peaks, with a width of five rooms and can accommodate seven or eight hundred people. The unique architectural form of Tongxin Mosque is the crystallization of multi-ethnic harmony and cultural exchange in Ningxia.

9. Jade Emperor Pavilion

Yuhuangge is located in East Street, Yinchuan City, Ningxia. According to "New Records of Shuofang", it was built during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, with a history of more than 600 years. It is an ancient building with national style and a key cultural relic of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The main pavilion of Yuhuang Pavilion is a two-story attic with double eaves, about 22. 1 m high. The pedestal is rectangular, with a height of19m, a length of 37.6m in the southeast and a width of 25m in the north and south. It is magnificent, like a Dapeng spreading its wings and flying in the air, giving people an inspiration for progress and struggle. Because there is a statue of the Jade Emperor cast in it, it is called the Jade Emperor Pavilion. Jade Emperor Pavilion and Drum Tower reflect each other from afar and have a unique charm.

10. Zhongwei Gaomiao

Zhongwei Temple is located in the north of zhongwei, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. It was built on a high platform connected with the city wall (including the Baoan Temple under the high platform). It is said that it was built in the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty (1403- 1424) and has been rebuilt for several generations. By the Qing dynasty, it had become a large-scale ancient building complex, showing the style of ancient buildings in Ningxia. It is as famous as the "desert wonder" and is one of the two major landscapes in Zhongwei.

More articles related to Ningxia are recommended to read:

Look at the encyclopedia of traditional customs and culture in Ningxia, learn clay sculpture, paper-cutting, appreciate the society and know Ningxia with fire.

What are the artistic features of Yangjia clay sculpture? Overview of clay sculpture inheritance of Yang family

What are the characteristics of Gao Tai Mashe Fire? Overview of Gao Tai Mashe Fire Inheritance

A Brief Introduction to the Music History of Northern Wudang Temple

What are the artistic features of Helan Shadow Play? Introduction to the historical and artistic features of Helan Shadow Play.

What are the characteristics of Hui paper-cutting? Introduction of Hui people's paper-cutting art

What are the artistic characteristics of mountain flowers? Cultural characteristics and inheritance of mountain flowers of Hui nationality in Ningxia