What are the experiences worth learning from in American history?

When the rise of the United States inspires or draws lessons from China, we need to pay attention to the following points:

First of all, it is necessary to clarify the real historical development process of the rise of the United States, which is the starting point of all problems. If we don't work hard on this problem, it is useless to study again and again.

Second, we will examine the subjective and objective historical conditions of the rise of the United States, which are similar to those of China and which are not.

The rise of the United States has an international and domestic environment. We should consider both domestic factors and the international environment.

It is precisely because the rise of the United States has its own characteristics and historical conditions that its rise can be used for reference, but it must not be copied.

Thirdly, it is necessary to identify those phenomena in the process of modernization and those unique to American society.

This is an important issue, because the United States is a capitalist country and China is a socialist country that adheres to the characteristic road.

Fourth, we should distinguish the special conditions for the rise of different eras. Some factors played an important role in19th century, while others did not play that role in 2 1 century.

Different times cannot confuse the factors and conditions of different times with the present.

For example, the rise of the United States was in the19th century, not in the 20th century, not at the beginning of 2 1 century.

Some conditions existed in the19th century, but they are hard to exist in the 2 1 th century, such as continental expansion, westward movement, long-term peaceful international environment and so on.

When discussing the lessons of America, it is different to separate the rising America from the rising America. In fact, it is difficult for us to completely separate the rise from the development of the rise.

Therefore, we can't absolutize those rising lessons, but should regard them as an evolutionary process.

That is to say, under certain conditions, there are factors that can be used for reference.

Six, the rise of the United States is not the result of one or two factors, but the result of comprehensive action. For some reason, it is necessary to highlight a certain factor of the rise, which is not necessarily in line with the reality of the rise of the United States.

The rise of the United States has a strong vitality of sustainable development, which is inseparable from the political, economic, social and cultural mechanisms that she has gradually improved and further developed in her development.

Otherwise, it is difficult to explain its sustained and rapid development after its rise, ranking first in the world for more than a century.

Now let's talk about what are the factors worth learning from the historical conditions of the rise of the United States and what are the factors that are difficult to learn from:

First, the reference function of the distribution of foreign immigrants and domestic residents.

As an immigrant country, China is the most populous country in the world.

It is impossible to learn from the experience of free immigration in the United States, but the policy of attracting talents from all over the world and improving the quality of the population in the United States is worth learning from.

The United States is also a kingdom with an orderly population flow, which is conducive to economic and social development and vitality.

We have noticed that the population movement in the United States has a development process, which is not immediate in a short time.

The population distribution spreads from the eastern part of the United States to the western part, and the distribution between the north and the south is more even. In the process of population mobility, we should pay attention to narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, giving priority to transportation, scientifically distributing economic regions and safeguarding basic human rights, which are also of reference significance to China's population mobility.

Second, the reference function of the long-term peaceful development environment.

It is very rare for the United States to insist on a long-term peace environment between major powers. This is not only manifested in one thing. Generally speaking, except for the continuous wars against Indians in modern history, the United States has fewer wars than other countries. Since 192, no foreign soldiers have done whatever they want on domestic territory, and there has been no civil war since 142. Although there is a war, it is mainly carried out abroad. In modern history, the United States spent less on war and national defense.

Second, the foreign policy of the United States provided international security for the peaceful development environment of the United States, including the declaration of neutrality in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Monroe Declaration of 1823, the open door policy of 1900 to meet the needs of the times, and the choice of favorable opportunities to participate in the war after the neutrality of the two world wars.

We need to strive for a long-term peaceful international environment, and the above situation is not without reference.

* * * warned us, or remember to keep a low profile.

We shouldn't, shouldn't, and there is no preemptive strike. We need to work hard to do our own thing.

At that time, the biggest rival of the United States was Britain, and a series of foreign policies of the United States were successful in dealing with the relationship with Britain.

18 12- 1824 As a result of the war, the United States eliminated the biggest obstacle to its development, which was extremely important for its rise.

However, we should also see that the peaceful environment for the rise of the United States in the19th century is the same as that of Canada, which was independent and sparsely populated in the late19th century, with the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the weak countries boldly weakened by the United States in the south and Mexico in the north. Such a surrounding natural and international environment is very beneficial to the development of the United States.

2 1 century, China's neighboring countries are not all favorable factors for China's development. For the favorable natural environment of the two oceans, the rapid development of modern science and technology has promoted global modernization and brought new challenges to marine safety. It has become wishful thinking to think that two oceans can ensure national security.

Third, the reference function of American continental expansion and westward movement.

The rise of the United States is inseparable from the expansion of the United States and the westward movement.

The continental expansion of the United States has the dual nature of decolonization and aggression and expansion. Obviously, we can't learn from the aggressive side of the expansion of the continental United States, and obviously we can't learn from the expansion of the United States through decolonization.

We maintain an international environment of peaceful development.

By delineating peaceful borders with neighboring countries, we actually gave up the territory that once belonged to our jurisdiction in history, or the two sides reached an understanding of shelving disputes and seeking peaceful development.

It is even more impossible for us to expand the territory of the country through decolonization.

The westward movement in the United States has the duality of large-scale economic development and economic plunder by the ruling group. Obviously, we can't adopt the exclusive ethnic policy of driving away and killing to develop the western region.

In addition, the westward advance of the United States leads to the development of the Pacific coast, while the western development of China is the Silk Road connecting the new century, which will face greater challenges in environmental protection and sustainable development.

Of course, the new economic layout and its successful economic policies developed and formed in the westward movement are worth learning from.

Fourth, the United States has not experienced the stage of feudal system, which has little influence on reference.

The United States has not experienced the feudal system stage and has little influence, which is unique among the major countries in the world.

Our main reference in this respect is to pay attention to the importance of eliminating feudal influence for the healthy rise. Today, the huge negative effects of feudal influence still deserve our great attention.

Fifth, the reference function of the hometown of two scientific and technological revolutions.

The United States is the hometown of the second and third revolutions, which plays an extremely important role in completing the rise of the United States with high quality and ensuring its continued rapid development after its rise. The countermeasures and high-tech development strategy of the United States are worth learning.

In the section "The Rise of America", I talked about originality on the basis of learning and introducing advanced European science and technology. Advocate the spirit of rejuvenating the country through education; Encourage individuals to create inventions; The rise of industrial laboratory and the implementation of multi-track research system; And the scientific and technological strength to attract immigrants.

The history of the rise of modern America shows that science and technology will become more and more important productive forces.

The great development of social productive forces and the great improvement of labor productivity depend on the power of science and technology.

Science and technology are the wealth created by human beings.

Any nation or country needs to learn from the strengths of other nations and countries and learn from the advanced science and technology of others.

(Page 457-466, 1992 China Social Sciences Press)

Sixth, take economic construction as the center and constantly adjust the reference role of economic policies.

The United States is a country that focuses on economic construction and constantly adjusts its economic policies through reform and opening up.

This is a problem that we need to pay special attention to.

In my previous reply, I mentioned that the obvious characteristics of contemporary American economic development are: 1, economic center type, and economic construction has always been the center in the post-war American historical development; In the relationship between politics and economy, economic interests are in a priority position; In social system and economic development, economic development is the center; In economic development, science and technology are given priority.

2. Reform and adjustment. In modern history, it has experienced eight reforms and adjustments, and the United States has experienced three postwar * * *.

3, global openness, which shows that immigration has a lot of influence on all aspects of contemporary America; The diversity and mobility of domestic immigrants promote economic development; Foreign trade has always played an important role in the American economy; The economic system presents diversified development; Foreign policy emphasizes the open-door characteristics of economic competition; Global consciousness and open consciousness in ideology; The role of openness in the global position.

4. Integrated pluralism is characterized by monopoly capitalization in the economic system; Modern life theme types in social life; Types of monopoly ruling subjects in the political system; The ideological subject of capital liberalization; The main types of American nation in national composition; The main types of American culture in the cultural model; The image of American leaders in Qing Dynasty in China's religious model.

5. A practical and coordinated economy characterized by the coordination of free competition and monopoly; * * * Intervene and coordinate the market economy; Coordination between economic development and economic cycle; Coordination between the rich class and the poor residents; Coordination of economy and practicality and learning from others.

The * * * economic policy factors that affect the economic development of contemporary America are very important, which are reflected in the need to deal with and coordinate important economic policies.

That is, reform, opening and adjustment policies, intervention and market policies, free competition and monopoly policies, economic growth and cycle policies, trade freedom and protection policies, tariff policies and tax policies, fiscal, monetary and monetary policies, communication and coordination policies among workers, farmers and enterprises, social security and poverty alleviation policies, and sustainable development and environmental policies.

These ten aspects need our careful study one by one.

Seventh, the reference function of American national vitality.

When I answered the question before, I mentioned the mechanism of American vitality. These mechanisms are:

1, the national economic system, due to the implementation of private monopoly and state monopoly, group monopoly ownership and private operation have brought some vitality.

This kind of policy, which is beneficial to the coexistence of various economic components in the national economy, deserves our study.

2. Based on the free market economy and taking into account the * * * intervention mode, the invisible hand and the visible hand alternately bring some vitality.

3. The political system of the United States is the democratic system of monopoly subject; Some vitality brought by a typical bourgeois democracy and democratic country.

It embodies the trend of collectivization and political democratization with monopoly capital democracy as the main body and giving consideration to interests.

4. In the ideological field, the United States practices some vitality brought by ideological pluralism under the guidance of liberalism, such as individualism, liberalism, capitalism, * * * and socialism.

It not only maintains the interests that play a leading role in the market economy, but also takes care of the needs of other interest groups.

The positive role played by the United States in the main aspects is because it continues to push the immigration tide to open to the world.

6. In the cultural field, the United States is promoting the vitality brought by convergence while reserving differences in the coexistence and blending of diverse cultures with WASP as the main body.

This multi-culture is reflected in the trend of coexistence and diffusion of various sects in the world with Protestantism as the main body; And the tendency of convergence while reserving differences in the existence and blending of various national cultures with wasp culture as the main body.

In the above aspects, we will notice that the United States has implemented the policy of inclusive, prosperous and harmonious development in the fields of economy, politics, culture, society, religion, nationality and ideology. In this sense, it is worthy of our attention, and it should be combined with China's national conditions to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages.

Eighth, the reference function in the process of modernization.

I think modernization is the development process of productive forces, and there is no fundamental difference between capitalism and socialism. Modernization was first realized in capitalist countries, and the process of national modernization in the socialist Soviet Union embarked on a detour with Russian characteristics. Therefore, people have separated the modernization of capitalist countries and socialist countries in nature for a period of time, and rejected some things in the process of modernization as capitalism.

This politicizes modernization and changes the relations of production.

However, we should also note that different interest groups enjoy the fruits of modernization very differently. In the United States, the main beneficiaries are capital interest groups. We need to prevent the phenomenon of special interest groups from appearing in the process of modernization and prevent the gap between the rich and the poor from widening.