Who knows about ethnic migration in the Soviet era?

After Stalin came to power, he made many decisions on ethnic migration, as follows:

1 according to resolution no 776- 120 of the Soviet people's Committee on April 28th, 65438, 35820 "unreliable" poles were transferred from Ukraine to Kazakhstan.

According to the resolutions of the Central Committee and People's Committee of the United Republic of Brazil in July 1937,103/127-267, residents of all ethnic groups in the border areas of the Soviet Union bordering Iran, Afghanistan and Turkey were moved inland, for example 138.

After the Japanese occupation of northeast China in the first half of 1930s, the far eastern border of the Soviet Union was threatened. According to the resolution of the Soviet People's Committee and the Central Committee of the United Republic of Brazil on August 2 1937 1428-326, 17 1 North Koreans were transferred from the Far East (mainly Primorsky Krai) to Kazakhstan and other places, just in case.

According to resolution 1938 1084-269 of the Soviet People's Committee, 6,000 Iranians were transferred from the border areas of Azerbaijan to Kazakhstan.

5 1939 Stalin sent troops to Poland and forcibly incorporated Ukraine and western Belarus into the Soviet Union. In the process of establishing the Soviet regime, 65,438+00% residents moved from there, that is, 65,438+065,438+07365,438+080 people moved eastward, including 389,382 Poles (65,438+0944), and the rest were Germans and Ukrainians.

6 1940 After the Baltic States and Belgium were merged into the Soviet Union, 3,600 factory owners, 6,850 landlords and family members of bourgeois government moved from Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Moldavia to the east of the country.

According to the order of the Soviet People's Committee of Internal Affairs on June 194 14, 3668, 12682, 9236, 22648 and 9599 were transferred from Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Moldavia, Ukraine and western Belarus respectively.

At the beginning of 8 1939, there were 1427222 Germans in the Soviet Union, mainly distributed in Russia (70023 1) and Ukraine (392458). 1941After Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June, the Germans in the Soviet Union were regarded as the inside men of fascist Germany. According to the joint resolution No.2060-935 of the People's Committee of the Soviet Union and the Central Committee of the United * * * * (Bolshevik) 194 1, and the order No.2160 of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet of the Soviet Union on August 28th, the Germans in the Volga River region were transferred to Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. By June 28th 10, 446,480 people had moved out of the revoked Volga German Autonomous Republic. 194 1 ~ 1942 altogether 1209430 German migration. This migration continued until the late 1940s.

9 According to the resolutions of the Leningrad Front-line Military Committee on August 26th 194 1, March 9th 1942, 196 and 007 13, all Finns were relocated from Leningrad City and Leningrad State on1. * * They were initially regarded as "administrative immigrants" and became special immigrants at the end of 1944.

10 According to the resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 1 15- 136 and the resolution of the Soviet People's Committee 1 14.

1 1 According to the order of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 1943 on February 27 and the resolution of the People's Committee of the Soviet Union 1432-425 on February 28, the entire kalmyk nation was resettled and kalmyk's autonomy was revoked on the grounds of collaboration with the enemy. As a result, 93 139 kalmyk was transferred to Siberia.

12 according to 1944 1 year1October Soviet national defense commission resolution No.5073 and February1February Soviet internal affairs Ministry order No.00193, the entire Chechen and Ingushetia ethnic groups were resettled on the grounds of collaborating with the enemy. * * * 393,229 Chechens and 965,438 Ingushetia were relocated to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. According to DecreeNo. 1 16- 102 of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, the Chechen-Ingushetia Autonomous Republic was abolished.

13 according to1Resolution No.5309 of the Soviet National Defense Commission on March 5, 944, the whole nation of Balkar was relocated on the grounds of "betrayal" and "bandits". * * * Transferred 3,765,438+007 Balkar to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. According to the order of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on April 7th, Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Republic was renamed Kabardino Autonomous Republic.

14 According to the order of the People's Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union on March 36, 1, 1944, 100300, members of the Ukrainian nationalist alliance and Ukrainian rebels engaged in anti-Soviet activities were relocated to the eastern part of the country.

15 according to resolutions 5859 and 5943 of the Soviet national defense commission on April 2 and May 2,1,15, all Crimean Tatars were moved to Uzbekistan on charges of "betrayal", * * * moved1. 1On June 30th, 945, the autonomy of Crimea was revoked.

16 according to resolution No.5984 of the Soviet national defense commission on June 2, 1944, 12422, 15040 and 962 1 Bulgarians, Greeks and Armenians were transferred from the autonomous Republic of Crimea to the eastern region due to collaboration with the enemy and anti-Soviet actions.

17 according to resolution 1944 of the Soviet national defense commission on June 24th, 353 1 foreign Greeks moved from Crimea to Uzbekistan, 8,300 stateless Greeks moved from Rostov and Krasnodar Krai, and 10 people moved from Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia.

18 according to resolution No.6279 of the Soviet national defense commission on July 3 1 8, Mescht Turks, Kurds and Hermschens (Armenian Muslims) were moved from Georgia's border areas adjacent to Turkey to Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and were suspected as "traitors and Turks". 1944, 40,000 Kurds emigrated from Transcaucasia.

19 according to a series of Soviet government resolutions from 1945 to 1946, the "vlasov elements" (members of the anti-Soviet "Russian Liberation Army" led by General vlasov, composed of Ukrainians and Russians) were moved to the eastern part of the country. In the middle of 1947, * * moved 1 18252 people, obviously suspected of expansion.

According to resolution 32 14- 1050 of the Soviet Council of Ministers in September, 74,898 members of the Ukrainian Nationalist Union and their families moved from western Ukraine to eastern Ukraine. By the early 1950s, there were 17 1566 immigrants.

2 1 according to resolution no 4 17- 160 of the Soviet Council of ministers on February 26th, 2 1, the nationalists, bandits and rich peasant family members were resettled from the three Baltic countries. This action, code-named "Spring", started on May 22nd, 1948, and 4933 1 person moved from Lithuania to Siberia alone. According to 19491Resolution No.390-138 of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union on October 29th, the above-mentioned personnel were resettled from the three Baltic countries again, 42 149, 20 173 and 3196544. 1945 ~ 1949 * * Latvian 389 1 1, Lithuanian 80 189, Estonian 19237. From 1940 to 1953, among the special immigrants in the northern and eastern parts of the country, 52541came from Latvia; Estonia has 32,540 people; There are 1 18599 people in Lithuania.

According to Resolution 1949 of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union on April 6, 2009, 35,050 rich peasants, landlords, collaborators and their families moved from Moldavia to Siberia.

According to the resolution No.221949 of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union on May 29th, members of 14-856, 665438 Greeks +02 1 Mescht Turks, 49049 other nationalities and 25 10 Dashnak Party (Armenian counter-revolutionary organization) came from Transcaucasia. According to the resolution of the Soviet Council of Ministers14893-2165438 of 23 October, the remaining 1 1504 similar personnel were relocated from the above areas to Kazakhstan.

According to1Resolution 6435 of the Soviet Council of Ministers on March 25th, 952, 4,298 rich peasants and their families were transferred from Belarus to Kazakhstan.

The above data can refer to the archives of the National Archives of the Russian Federation, including Quanzong P-940 1, P-9479, etc. [Russia] H. Bouguet: beria to Stalin: "Follow your instructions ...", Russian version, Moscow, 20th century Russian Social Researchers Association, 1995.

The above-mentioned 24 large-scale operations * * * relocated about 4.4 million people, involving more than 20 ethnic groups, of which 1 1 moved as a whole. Of course, this is not the whole migration, and some small-scale migration actions are not included. There are no exact statistics on the total number of immigrants. Although the figures quoted are from archives, due to wartime conditions and the urgency of migration, statistical confusion is inevitable. Soviet scholars' estimates of the total number of immigrants ranged from 3.2 million in Bouguet to 5 million in Maidevijeff, which showed a huge difference in the statistics of the number of immigrants. ①

Immigrants usually have to bump on the road for 20 or 30 days to reach their settlement in Central Asia or Siberia. The migrant train is seriously overloaded, lacking food and water, the carriages are dark and cold (some carriages were originally used to transport live animals), and there are no medical staff. Sometimes infectious diseases are prevalent and take some lives. How many people died on the road? Official documents are rarely involved, and the memoirs of some parties can only reflect the local situation. It can be said that no reliable historical materials have been found to answer this question. So researchers can only make a rough estimate. For example, some people estimate that hundreds of thousands of people died on the way.