The geography of Anqing

The landform of Anqing area can be roughly divided into Zhongshan, low mountains, hills, terraces (hills) and plains.

Zhongshan is mainly distributed in Yuexi, Buried Hill, Taihu Lake and Susong, all of which belong to Dabie Mountain. Low mountain is the most widely distributed mountain type in this area, and its causes are also very complicated. Most fault blocks are distributed in the northwest of Tongcheng-Qianshan-Taihu deep fault. The low mountains in Huaining and Susong are mostly eroded; A few of them are low erosion mountainous areas, all of which belong to Dabie Mountain branch.

Most of the hills are between 300 and 500 meters above sea level. The first subclass fluctuates greatly, with a relative height of more than 100 meters, clear veins, and a far-reaching northeast trend, which can be called high hills. It is mainly distributed in the northern side of Tongcheng-Qianshan-Taihu Lake in front of Dabie Mountain and the western side of Paradise Town in Yuexi County. The other subclass has a small fluctuation, the relative height is less than 100 m, the cutting is broken, the trend is changeable, and it changes with the flow direction of the river valley, which is usually called low mountains and hills. It is mainly distributed around Hualiangting Reservoir in Taihu County, Yezhai, Gu Jing and Pailou Township in Qianshan County, Tongpu, Xin 'an and Yaobang Triangle in Tongcheng City, and adjacent areas of Qilihu and Wanbu Reservoir in Huaining County.

The platform elevation in this area is generally less than 150m and about 30-80m high, and it is distributed in Susong, Taihu, Wangjiang and Huaining counties along the lake. The plains are distributed along the Yangtze River and its tributaries, such as Huayang River, Wanhe River, Duyao River, Qiupu River and Bronze River, as well as lakeside areas such as Longgan Lake, Daguan Lake, Huang Hu Lake, Bohu Lake, Wuchang Lake, Pogang Lake and Caizi Lake. In the general survey and detailed investigation of more than 0/000 ore (layer) and mineralization points in/kloc-0, it is found that the main minerals in China are copper, iron, gold, silver, molybdenum, lead, zinc, cobalt, nickel, uranium, pyrite, limestone, marble, granite, barite, wollastonite, dolomite, andalusite, phosphorus and glass. The proven reserves mainly include copper mine, iron mine, lead-zinc mine, gold mine, silver mine, tungsten-molybdenum mine, cobalt mine, coal mine, stone coal, phosphate mine and sulfur mine.

Anqing city has more than 70 kinds of mineral resources, among which non-metallic minerals such as fertilizers, building materials, chemical raw materials and arts and crafts raw materials have large reserves, complete varieties and excellent quality, ranking first in the province. There are mines everywhere in Anqing City, among which Huaining County is the most. Huaining is rich in metallic minerals, nonmetallic minerals and energy minerals. The planting industry in Anqing can be divided into two categories: food crops and cash crops. Grain crops include rice, wheat, beans and other dry crops, and cash crops include oil, cotton, tea, sericulture and hemp.

Anqing area has a total land area of 20,420.3 square kilometers (equivalent to 30,630,200 mu), of which 22,394,600 mu can be used as productive land, accounting for 73% of the total land area (including cultivated land, garden, woodland, grassland and available water surface). According to the average agricultural population, each person owns 4.08 mu of available land. The area of non-agricultural land is 8,235,600 mu, accounting for 27% of the total land area. There are many kinds of organisms in this area, including more than 520 cultivated crops, more than 800 woody plants, more than 20 livestock and poultry, 84 freshwater fish and thousands of wild animals and plants.

Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, under the bondage of feudal social system, most of the land was occupied by the landlord class, and farmers were exploited and oppressed and engaged in voluntary labor. At the same time, due to primitive production methods and extensive farming techniques, agriculture in Anqing area is very backward. 1949, the total agricultural output value of the whole region was only 3 10/00,000 yuan (Singapore dollar), and the total grain output was only 543,000 tons, with an average yield of 90.5 kilograms per mu; Total oil production 17600 tons, with an average yield of 25.5 kg per mu; Total cotton output 1660 tons, with an average yield of 6 kg per mu. Most farmers live in extreme poverty and suffer from hunger and cold all the year round.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the land reform and the adjustment of production relations liberated agricultural productivity; At the same time, vigorously promote agricultural production technology, constantly improve agricultural production conditions, and promote the development of agricultural production. In the past 39 years, the agricultural development in Anqing can be roughly divided into three stages: 1950 ~ 1957, and the output of grain, cotton and oil crops has been greatly improved. At this stage, the land reform was completed, and the rural mutual aid and cooperation movement was launched, which promoted the development of agricultural production. 1957, the total grain output of the whole region1136,500 tons, an increase of 1949/09.3%; The total cotton output was 247,400 tons, an increase of 645.5%; The total oil output was 479,000 tons, an increase of 35.5%. From 1958 to 1978, agricultural production is in a long-term wandering situation. At this stage, due to the guidance of "Left" erroneous ideas, agricultural production has been stagnant for many years, with one-sided emphasis on the transformation of production relations, random change of basic accounting units and egalitarianism. In recent 20 years, the average annual growth rate of total agricultural output value is only 1.7%. From 1979 to 1988, agriculture has entered a new stage of all-round development. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the household contract responsibility system was widely implemented in rural areas. Correctly implementing the production policy of "never relaxing grain production and actively developing diversified management" and rationally adjusting the internal production structure of agriculture have led to a new situation in which agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and by-products have continued to grow, and agricultural economic benefits and commodity rates of agricultural products have been significantly improved.

1987, the total grain output of the whole region was 2 13 1 10,000 tons, an increase of 1978/6.2% and an increase of 292% compared with 1949; The total cotton output in 1987 was 44 1000 tons, which was 80% higher than that in 1978 and 230% higher than that in 1949. The total oil production of 1987 is 86,400 tons, which is 1 16% higher than that of 1949 and 400% higher than that of1949. 1.4635 million pigs were slaughtered 1.987, which was 40% higher than 1.978 and 960% higher than 1.949; The total agricultural output value of the whole region is161700 million yuan, which is 5 1% higher than 1978 and 420% higher than 1949. 1987, the per capita income of rural areas in the whole region was 369 yuan, an increase of 338% and a net increase of 284.8 yuan compared with 1978. In addition, with the increase of farmers' income and the improvement of consumption level, the quality of consumption has also improved significantly. Rural areas have a certain foundation in social, economic, technical and material aspects, which provides favorable conditions for future agricultural development.

As of 2009, Anqing has established a grain reserve system at the city and county levels. The rice and cotton industries were promoted, and the total grain output increased by 13.7% and the total cotton output increased by 52. 1%. Animal husbandry and fishery promoted ecological and scale farming, and the total output of meat and aquatic products increased by 18. 1% and 18.9% respectively. * * * Cultivate leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization at or above the municipal level 150, including 4 state-level enterprises, 40 provincial-level enterprises and 5 12 farmers' cooperative economic organizations. The circulation of rural land has been accelerated, with a scale operation area of over 6.5438+0 million mu, leading the province in the level of intensification. Strengthen farmers' skills training and transfer employment services, and increase the proportion of farmers' wage income to net income to 40%. Strengthen poverty alleviation and development and reduce the number of poor people by 540 thousand. Rural infrastructure construction has been further strengthened, with 4 pumping stations along the river 14, 4 small and medium-sized dangerous reservoirs1,and 4,533 kilometers of "village-to-village" highway, which has solved the problem of safe drinking water for 765,438+6,000 rural people, and the development of rural biogas has reached 9 1800. The construction of demonstration villages and towns in the new countryside has been solidly promoted, and the village planning and renovation has achieved practical results. Ecological construction projects such as returning farmland to forests, shelterbelts along the Yangtze River, afforestation by schistosomiasis control and wetland protection along the Yangtze River were implemented, and the forest coverage rate increased from 34.5% to 36%. As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, China had the production of mining, smelting, bricks and tiles, ceramics, household papermaking and silk and cotton fabrics. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the copper, iron and lead smelting industries in Guichi and Susong were developed. In Li Bai's Song of Autumn Pus, "Fire shines on the heavens and the earth, and the red star is in chaos", which describes the scene of smelting workshops in Guichi area. The paper industry began to flourish in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the white hemp paper in Guichi was a tribute in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The places where money is cast are Guichi, Huaining and Susong, the most famous of which are Yongfeng Supervision in Jiangnan and Tongan Supervision in Jiangbei (now Gonghui Town, Zongyang County, Tongling City). The manufacturing history of iron, bamboo, wood farm tools and household appliances is also very long. In the Han Dynasty, bamboo mats and bamboo weaving in the buried hill were sold overseas. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the domestic silk reeling, textile, wine-making and food industries developed rapidly. By the early years of the Republic of China, the annual output of woven homespun had reached several hundred thousand meters.

Anqing industry began in 186 1, which includes three typical forms of modern industry in China: government-run, government-supervised and commercial-run. In the 11th year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (186 1), Zeng Guofan, the leader of Xiang Army, founded the Ordnance Institute in Anqing, which brought together China's first-class scientists such as Xu Shou, Hua and Li, and was one of the earliest official "Westernization" in China, which initiated the modern machinery industry and shipbuilding industry in China. Anqing Ordnance Institute, which was established in that year, was the earliest modern machinery industry in China, and the first steam turbine and the first motorboat were built in China the following year. The first power plant, the first waterworks, the first telegraph office, the first library, the first university and the first newspaper in Anhui were born here. Anqing first established a post office (1875), a telegraph office (1875), a power plant (1907) and a waterworks (19 10) in Anhui. Guangxu three years (1877), Chizhou coal mine, Anhui No.1 coal mine, was an official and commercial enterprise, operating for 14 years. Since then, there have been more than 20 mining companies. Guangxu 30-34 was the climax of Anqing's modern industrial development. 1 1 Yuanchang weaving company and Wanxin wax refining company started one after another. After the mid-1920s and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Anqing's industry experienced a brief prosperity, but soon returned to decline.

On the whole, the depression and prosperity of modern industry in Anqing were almost accompanied by the turmoil of political and economic environment, the emphasis on business and profits by capital investment, and the separation of industrial allocation from local resource advantages, which failed to fully show the technological advancement of modern industry. In the decade after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Anqing's national industries tended to decline and its economy declined. 1949, and the total industrial output value is 2210.9 million yuan.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the state carried out entrusted processing, planned ordering and exclusive acquisition for private industries, and organized joint ventures and joint production and marketing for individual handicrafts, which promoted the recovery of industries in this area. By the end of the First Five-Year Plan, the total industrial output value of the whole region reached1.1.60 billion yuan, which was 2. 1 times higher than 1.949.

During the period of 1958, the industrial management in the area was adjusted for the first time, and a number of "five small" industries such as small chemical fertilizer, small agricultural machinery, small coal mine, small cement and small steel were built. Due to the policy mistakes during the Great Leap Forward, by the end of the second five-year plan, the total industrial output value had dropped to 9 1.73 million yuan. After implementing the central government's policy of "adjustment, consolidation, enrichment and improvement", by 1965, the total industrial output value had risen to13.4 billion yuan.

During the Cultural Revolution 10, the industrial development in the whole region was very slow. In the first three years, industrial production was in a state of complete chaos and stagnation. Until 1970, the industrial management system was adjusted for the second time, and the development of "five small" industries at the county level was re-emphasized. So the total industrial output value of that year was1390,000 yuan, and 1975 rose to 298 million yuan.

After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the whole region gradually carried out economic restructuring, reorganized industrial enterprises and carried out technological transformation, expanded and built a number of light industrial enterprises, and vigorously developed township enterprises. 1987 There were 2,060 industrial enterprises (including township offices) with133,000 employees. In that year, the total profit was 88.76 million yuan, including 47 million yuan for independent accounting by the whole people, 27.49 million yuan for collective ownership, and14.27 million yuan for township enterprises.

By the end of 20 12, the industrial added value was 59.27 billion yuan, an increase of 19.8% over the previous year. Among them, the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size reached 455 1 billion yuan, an increase of 265.438+0.2%. Among the industries above designated size, the added value of state-owned and state-controlled enterprises 1025 billion yuan, an increase of 3.5%; 640 million yuan for collective enterprises, an increase of161%; Joint-stock enterprises reached 29.29 billion yuan, up by 25.0%; Enterprises invested by foreign businessmen and businessmen from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan totaled 2.62 billion yuan, up by 30.5%. The added value of heavy industry was 26.76 billion yuan, up by16.7%; The added value of light industry187.4 billion yuan, up by 28.4%.

The comprehensive index of economic benefits of industrial enterprises above designated size in Anqing reached 298.67, an increase of 34.24 percentage points over the previous year. The sales revenue reached 654.38+072.63 billion yuan, an increase of 40.9%; Profits and taxes reached 654.38+06.59 billion yuan, up 22.4%, of which profits reached 8.04 billion yuan, up 3654.38+0.8%. Anqing has a long commercial history. Zhou Shuren was a "good businessman" in the Northern Song Dynasty. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Anqing was ruled by the government county (Huaining) and the city was the commercial center on the north bank of the Yangtze River. In the early Qing Dynasty, it was designated as the capital of Anhui, and its commerce was relatively developed. In addition to provinces and counties, some important market towns have gradually prospered. For example, Zongyang Town, Tongcheng County (now Zongyang Town, Zongyang County, Tongling City) is the first town in the county, and it is the mouth of 6 counties, which is a "department store gathering"; Tongcheng County Qingcaoda is the distribution center of native products in western Anhui and eastern Hubei in rainy season. Shipai Town, Huaining County is the passage of Buried Hill, Taihu Lake and Susong, where merchants gather all the year round and trade is prosperous.

During the Qianlong and Jiaqing years, Huizhou people did a lot of business in Anqing, which was called "Huizhou Gang" or "Huizhou Merchants". Large banks, pawn shops, silk shops, cloth shops, paper shops, tea shops and southern goods shops in Anqing city are all set up by Huizhou merchants. They are well-funded and have a wide range of businesses, controlling finance and a large number of materials and manipulating the market. In Tongcheng, Buried Hill, Taihu Lake, Susong, Wangjiang, Guichi, Liu Dong and other counties, there are shops opened by Huizhou merchants or trade with them.

In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), the Sino-British Treaty of Continuing Trade and Navigation was signed, and Anqing became a foreign trade port. Goods from Britain, the United States, Japan, Germany and other countries keep coming in, and foreign goods are hardly seen in urban and rural areas in the region, while domestic products are excluded and eliminated.

In the early years of the Republic of China, there were more than 1 100 shops in Anqing, which was listed as one of the four major markets in Anhui. Chizhou has more than 800 banks, cloth shops and grocery stores. There are more than 500 shops in susong county Chengguan; There are more than 60 shops in front of Yuexi County. Zhide and Liu Dong have more than 2 100 merchants. There are more than 800 shops in Shipai Town, Huaining.

During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Anqing and the market towns along the Yangtze River were occupied by the Japanese army. Immediately, Anqing Material Control Committee was established, and a foreign firm was established to control the economy and monopolize the market. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, some old shops resumed business and business recovered slightly. However, the civil war broke out soon, inflation increased day by day, the currency depreciated and business was bleak. By March of the 38th year of the Republic of China (1949), there were14,577 private enterprises with 22,908 employees and an annual turnover of 58.37 million yuan (converted into new RMB).

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the commerce in this area has experienced many twists and turns and gradually prospered. 1950 four professional companies, namely tobacco and alcohol monopoly management office, department store, local products, grain and yarn, and supply and marketing cooperatives, have been established in the special area, and commercial outlets have been established in the vast rural areas, gradually forming a state-owned commercial system. 1956 completed the socialist transformation of private businesses and realized the cooperation between public-private partnerships and small vendors in the whole industry. From 65438 to 0958, the "Great Leap Forward" was implemented, state-owned businesses and supply and marketing cooperatives merged, cooperative stores were upgraded to state-owned, commercial outlets were reduced, and bazaars were cancelled, which made the commerce in the whole region suffer serious setbacks. 196 1, restore the supply and marketing cooperative system and cooperative stores, and increase outlets. 1962 implemented the eight-character policy of "adjustment, consolidation, enrichment and improvement" and opened some bazaars. By the "Cultural Revolution", due to the comprehensive restrictions on the development of the commercial economy, the bazaars were closed again and the commercial front was destroyed.

1978 After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the reform and opening-up policy was implemented to invigorate the whole region, and a new commodity circulation system of "three more and one less" (multiple economic components, multiple modes of operation, multiple channels and few links) led by state-owned commerce was gradually established. State-owned, new and old collective, private, individual and joint venture businesses have all developed, which has promoted the prosperity of commodity circulation. By the end of 1987, there were more than 60,000 commercial wholesale stations, companies, shops, trade centers and new and old collective, private and individual enterprises in the whole region, with 12 169 1 person (including 32,725 people in rural areas), and the total retail sales of social goods reached/kloc.

By 2009, the total retail sales of social consumer goods in Anqing increased from110.45 billion yuan to 24.3 billion yuan, with an average annual growth rate of 16.2%. The balance of deposits and loans of financial institutions reached 74.8 billion yuan and 37.2 billion yuan respectively, with a net increase of 45.3 billion yuan and 654.38+046 billion yuan. The total import and export volume increased from10.60 billion USD to 520 million USD, with an average annual growth rate of 26.7%. Accumulated investment in fixed assets was 654.38+027.89 billion yuan, 3.34 times that of the previous five years.