Population migration after the opening of new air routes.

1. Overview of world population migration:

(1) Before World War II: From the end of 15 to the beginning of 16, with the great geographical discovery and the opening of new air routes, the development of world capitalism and the expansion of colonialism set off a torrent of population migration. It is characterized by moving from the old continent to the new world and from developed countries to underdeveloped countries.

Specific performance:

① From Europe to America: Spain, Portugal, Britain, France and Holland colonized North America and plundered resources and treasures.

② From plundering African blacks to America: From16th century, the slave trade was rampant.

(3) The colonialists hired workers to develop Southeast Asia and America: China, India and Japan ... 65438+1At the end of the 20th century, China people went to "Nanyang" to make a living, Japanese people went to the United States and Brazil, and Indians went to Africa and America.

(2) The characteristics of population migration after World War II: the population flows from developing countries to developed countries, the number of settled immigrants decreases, and the number of short-term migrant workers, that is, foreign workers, increases greatly. Reason: The unbalanced development of production in various countries is the main reason. The high development of capitalism in Europe and America after the war attracted a large number of immigrants (providing more job opportunities). In some countries, the population growth is slow and the population aging is serious, which requires young and middle-aged laborers, while in some developing countries, the population growth is too fast and the economic development is slow, which leads to overpopulation, so a large number of laborers are attracted to developed countries.

⑶ Domestic population migration: ① Urbanization (rural → urban) ② Land development: going to North America, Western Europe and other countries; Since 1970s, immigrants from West Asia have increased (the economy of oil-producing countries has developed rapidly); Immigrants within Europe (Southern Europe → Western Europe)

2. Several ways of population migration in ancient China:

(1) moved from the frontier to the Central Plains: Wuhu moved to Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi and other places; South Xiongnu moved to Hetao, Shaanxi and Shanxi; Mongolian, Jurchen, etc. Moved into the Yellow River Basin (Yuan Dynasty); These migrations are spontaneous, all from northern minorities to the Yellow River basin. The main reason is that nomadic life is unstable due to the influence of advanced Han culture, but some of them are armed plunder, such as Xiongnu going south and nomadic people going south.

(2) Migration from the Mainland to the Frontier: The Qin Dynasty moved people to the Hetao area and moved people to the south to cross the land; Tang and Yuan immigrants strengthened border management; These relocations were organized by the government.

③ Northerners moved south: Three Kingdoms Wu Dong; Southern and Northern Dynasties; Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period; During the Song and Jin Dynasties ... these migrations were spontaneous, because of the war in the north, the south was relatively stable, the economic center moved south and the natural conditions in the south were good.

3. Analysis on the reasons of ancient population migration in China.

(1). Landlords and feudal officials extorted and exploited, land was annexed, farmers went bankrupt one after another, and had no livelihood, so they had to leave their homes and go into exile.

(2) Frequent wars have led to massive population migration in this area.

(3) In order to strengthen border defense, successive governments have organized large-scale residents to move to border areas.

(4) When the economic center of gravity shifts to the south, the population flows to the south accordingly.

5. Impact of natural disasters: The Yellow River Basin in ancient China was a region with frequent natural disasters, and the ancient Yellow River broke its course many times, which led to the migration of the population in this region to areas with less disasters.

[6]. The exile of sinners is also an aspect of China's ancient population migration. There are often hundreds of people sentenced to exile for crimes committed in the mainland, and they rarely come back after arriving in the frontier.

4. The influence of ancient population migration in China

⑴. The migration of ancient population in China spread advanced economy and culture, which prompted China's economic center to move south, and a large number of northerners moved south, which not only added a lot of labor to the south, but also brought advanced production tools and technologies. Under their influence, all ethnic groups in the south gradually learned advanced production technology, which promoted the economic development and development in the south of the Yangtze River.

(2) The migration of ancient population in China promoted the ethnic integration in ancient China. In particular, the Han nationality in the Central Plains migrated to the remote minority areas, and the remote minorities migrated to the mainland, which made all ethnic groups live together, have frequent contacts, and even exchanged marriages and merged with each other, enriching the economic and cultural life of all ethnic groups. In ancient China, at the same time of the climax of population migration, ethnic integration also reached a climax, which greatly promoted the formation, consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country in China.

(3) The migration of ancient China made the geographical distribution of China population more reasonable. The southern region is fertile and vast, but before the Three Kingdoms, the population was extremely sparse. With the migration of population and the development of the south of the Yangtze River, the population in the south is gradually increasing, and the distribution of population in China tends to be balanced.

5. Three ways of population migration after the founding of New China:

(1) In order to balance the production layout, the government has organized various personnel to support border construction.

(2) A large number of rural population spontaneously migrated from densely populated areas to sparsely populated areas.

(3) The tide of migrant workers caused by overpopulation in rural areas: mountainous areas → plains, rural areas → towns, poor areas → developed areas, inland areas → coastal areas.

The functions of items (1) and (2) are to adjust the national population distribution, develop and build border areas, and promote the development of backward areas.

(3) It has effectively regulated the surplus and shortage of labor force in various regions of China, and migrant workers have undertaken urban construction, sanitation and other work, which has played a positive role in urban development and prosperity, and has played an important role in improving rural economy and promoting the development of township enterprises. However, it also brings some social problems, such as increasing the load of cities and traffic, and affecting the security and stability of society.

Third, the significance of population migration:

Promote racial and ethnic integration, promote economic and cultural exchanges, change population distribution, balance economic development, and develop and build frontiers.

Four, three situations of population migration in the history of our country:

1. Political needs: A Qin sent Meng Tian to attack Xiongnu B Yue C, and the Western Han Dynasty's management of Southwest China D Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital.

Western Asia's Entry into Tang Dynasty and the Formation of Hui Nationality in Yuan Dynasty

2. War and escape: During the Three Kingdoms, people A moved south to Wu, during the Western Jin Dynasty, people B moved south, and during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, people C moved south.

D in the northern song dynasty, northerners moved south. E. In modern times, they "ran here and there" and "went down to the south of the Yangtze River".

3. Making a living economically: The southern Xiongnu moved south in the Eastern Han Dynasty A, the Five Lakes moved inward in the Western Jin Dynasty B, and the Zhongyuan people moved into Qidan in the Tang Dynasty C.

D Yuan Dynasty minorities moved to the Central Plains and E Nanyang in the south of the Yangtze River to make a living.