When did Nantong Qidong come out? Where was it before?

People who live on the beach want to be called people on the beach.

So, where did the people in the sand come from? This is a very interesting topic.

Some people say that people in the sand are immigrants. That's true, but people who belong to the same sandy land have different dialects and habits. It can be seen that the origins of Shaju people are also different.

To know the origin of the inhabitants of the sandy land, we must first understand the causes of the sandy land.

The rolling Yangtze River is vast, bringing a large amount of sediment from the upper reaches to the trumpet-shaped wide estuary, depositing it, and gradually forming sandbars year after year. The sandbar is connected with the sandbar, and the sandbar is connected with the mainland, and the mainland continues to extend outward, gradually forming a vast and fertile sandy land. Today's Nantong is a sandbar formed around the Southern and Northern Dynasties. According to the records of Taiping Universe in the Song Dynasty, this sandbank was named "Hudouzhou", and later "Hudouzhou" was connected with small sandbanks such as Nanzhounearby. Judging from the archaeological discovery of the Neolithic site in Qingdun, Hai 'an, the sandy land has a long history.

Qidong today is the youngest sandy land, which has been closed and silted by rivers between sandbars for nearly 200 years. Qidong area was called "Dongsheng Yingzhou" in ancient times. Wang Jia, a Jin Dynasty man, described the ocean surface in Qidong area in Notes: "Yingzhou, Soul Island is also called Zhou Huan. There are deep holes in the east, fish with long thousands of feet, mottled spots and horns on the nose, which sometimes stimulate the group to play. Farsightedness, there are colorful clouds in the water; Myopia is that this fish sprays water like a cloud, like the beauty of Qingyun. " Although this article is carefully chosen, it vividly describes that before Qidong became land, sand fish appeared in the waves of the sea from time to time, and whales played and sprayed water like colorful clouds, leaving us precious historical records. In addition, the masterpiece Six Chapters of a Floating Life made a precious record of Qidong.

According to the examination, the change of Yingzhou, in the final analysis, is directly related to the change of the main channel of the Yangtze River. Yingzhou in Tang Dynasty was located on the north side of Tonglu Water Ridge, with a length of150km and a width of 40km from north to south. In today's Nantong, it was called Dongbuzhou in ancient times. Therefore, Lu Si said, "Thailand in the west, Fusang in the east, the sea in the north and the Yangtze River in the south". During the Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty, the main stream of the Yangtze River re-entered Nanhong Road, and several sandbanks such as Lufuxin Sand, Zaojie Sand and Rizhao Sand appeared in the north of Nanhaozhi Port, and groups of sandbanks in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River appeared in the south. These sandbars are the embryonic form of land formation in Qidong area. They were covered with layers of shells and seaweed, and then lush shrubs grew and became oases. Qidong once governed three counties in history. The south is a new sandy land with a history of only 120 years. Historically known as "Waisha", 1928 belonged to Chongming County, Shanghai. The central area belongs to Xiasha, which belonged to Haimen 194 1 years ago. Lvsi area in the north has the longest land-forming time, with a history of more than 1000 years. The Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties belonged to Haimen, and before 1942 it belonged to Nantong County. Ma's Prescription for Building a County in Qidong recorded the process of building a county in Qidong in detail.

In Qidong, the area around Lvsi in the north is called "Beisha" and the southern and central areas are called "Nansha". "Nansha" and "Beisha" have different languages and customs. Nansha people speak Qihai dialect, which is exactly the same as Haimen dialect, similar to Chongming dialect and Shanghai dialect, belonging to Wu dialect, while "Beisha" people speak "Lvsi dialect".

Regarding the origin of the residents of Nansha, the mainstream view is that Jurong moved to Chongming and Chongming moved to Qidong. This is recorded in history. According to Ming Zhengde's "Chongming County Records", Chongming Island was sparsely populated at the beginning. In 696 AD (Long live the Tang Dynasty), there were six surnames on the island, namely Huang, Gu, Dong, Shi, Lu and Song. "Digging grass for farmland is easy for farmland". I come from Jurong, Jiangsu, and also from Jiangbei. 1025 (in the third year of Song Tiansheng), Chongming was a new sandy land, inhabited by Yao and Liu, named Yao. 110/year (Song Jianzhong, Jing Guoyuan), Sansha rose because "there are fish and salt, and folk music lives there." Jurong people Zhu, Chen and Zhang all came to live here.

During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, more than a dozen sandbars of different sizes rose one after another in the northeast river course of Chongming Island, so residents from other places, especially those from Chongming and Haimen, moved one after another, reclaimed land for reclamation and thrived. These sand people are the earliest residents in the south of Qidong, and most of them are tenants of Chongming landlords. It can be inferred that the statement that Nansha residents originated from Jurong in the south of the Yangtze River and moved from Chongming is extremely credible.

Interestingly, the residents in the southern sandy land of Qidong often subconsciously pretend to be Jiangnan people. They obviously live in Jiangbei, but they still cling to many habits in Jiangnan. Actually, outsiders are called "Jiangbei people" and what they don't understand is called "Jiangbei dialect". This just proves from one side that the residents of Nansha originated from the south of the Yangtze River.

As for the "Beisha" residents in Lvsi area in the north of Qidong, they are complex immigrants with a long history. "Beisha" is the earliest mature sandy land in Qidong and the "Dongbuzhou" where the Yangtze River enters the sea. In the Tang Dynasty, Lv Si became a saltern. According to historical records, the early residents here were "immigrants" who were exiled to Hudouzhou to cook salt for a living. Of course, there are many fishermen from all over the world. It is difficult to prove where its residents come from. Nantong dialect is called "dialect island", which is difficult for outsiders to understand. In fact, its internal pronunciation is also very complicated. Judging from Lvsi dialect, Lvsihuo spoken by Beisha people is an extremely rare dialect, which is unique in the history of Chinese dialects. It has nothing to do with Qihai dialect in Nansha, and it is also different from other Sha dialects. Therefore, can we infer that these "immigrants" came from all over the country, and when there was a natural gap between Shazhou and the mainland, it was not convenient for foreign exchanges and communication, and the dialects of various places merged with each other for a long time, forming a unique dialect. This also strongly supports the assertion that sand residents are immigrants.

Judging from the law of human migration, population migration is always inseparable from physical geography, administrative orders, different settings and social economy. In Lvsi, there is a folk legend: On August 13th, the eighth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, a tsunami occurred in Lvsi area, and 30,000 people drowned. So the imperial court decreed that the surnames of Du, Lu, Ji, Zhou, Mao, Peng were taken out from (now Changshu) and the family moved to Lvsi with their ancestors and never returned to the original. So there are so many surnames in the native place of Lvsi area, and the rest are Hakkas who moved later.

In addition, from the distribution and source of surnames in sandy land, the characteristics of Qidong immigrants are also very remarkable. Surnames are characterized by large and small settlements, many and miscellaneous, few surnames and large population, and many surnames and small population. For example, Zhou Jie Village, Yuanjiazao Village and Pengjiatao Village in Lvsi Xining have mixed surnames of Zhou, Yuan and Peng. According to the statistics of 1985, there are 390 surnames in Sandy Land * * *, among which 13 are Huang, Chen, Zhang, Shi, Lu, Gu, Zhu, Shen, Yang, Xu, Zhou, Yuan and Ni, with the number exceeding 20,000, which are distributed all over the Sandy Land.

By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, with the development of sandy land, the natural advantages were constantly emerging, the economy and culture were developing day by day, the population moved more frequently, and the residents in sandy land gradually increased from less to more, tending to grow steadily. Businessmen from Ningbo and Shaoxing, who are engaged in tobacco industry, and Anhui businessmen who operate pawn and clothing stores have also come to settle in Sha. In modern times, population migration has become more frequent, residents' identity has become richer, and foreign cadres, students, migrant workers and businessmen have come to work and settle down. At present, Qidong in sandy land has1130,000 residents, and there are only 28 ethnic minorities. The inhabitants of sandy land have a wide range of sources and a rich population.

Qidong Narration in Shen Fu's Six Chapters of a Floating Life.

Six Chapters of a Floating Life is an autobiographical novel written by Changzhou Shen Fu in the 13th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (1808). Yang Yinchuan, the brother-in-law of Wang Tao in the Qing Dynasty, found the remnant draft of Six Chapters of a Floating Life in a cold stall in Suzhou, with only four volumes, and gave it to Wang Tao, who was in charge of reporting Wenzunge in Shanghai at that time, and published it as movable type 1877. Six Chapters of a Floating Life is an autobiographical prose with high level and great influence, which occupies a very important position in the note literature of the Qing Dynasty. This book is characterized by its simplicity, frankness, expressiveness, informality and creativity.

There is a wonderful passage in Shen Fu's Memories of Ups and Downs and Travels of the Waves that describes that he came to Qidong that year, vividly reappearing the early geographical history and secular desires of Qidong: Jiaqing Jiazichun (1804), suffering from the misfortune of his predecessor, was about to leave home and go far away, and his good friend Xia Yishan was guarding his home. In autumn and August, I invited Yu Tong to pick flowers (discuss cotton) in Yongtaisha (now near jiulong town) in the East China Sea. Chongming in the sand. Out of the Liuhekou, I sailed for more than a hundred miles. It is new and there is no market. The vast reeds are sparsely populated, and there are only a few dozen rafters in Shi Ding warehouse, where ditches are dug all around and willows are planted around the embankment. At the beginning of the T-shape, the family was worshipping, and it was the first household in a sand; The accountant's surname is Wang. My family is hospitable and informal, and I hit it off immediately. Kill the pig for reimbursement, pour the jar to drink. Make your thumb fight, but you don't know poetry; Songs are horns, not melodies. Drunk, waving the workers' dancing fists, sumo wrestling for the play. There are 100 bulls, all sleeping on the levee. Keep a goose as a number to prevent pirates. On the other hand, hunting eagles and dogs in reeds and sand houses has yielded many birds. I also rushed over there and lay down when I was tired. Lead it to a mature place in the garden and build a high embankment every circle to prevent the flood season. There is a water sinus in the dike, which is opened and closed by the sluice. When the water is low, open the floodgate for irrigation at high tide, and open the floodgate for water at low water. Tenants are scattered all over the place and are called "owners". They are obedient and simple and lovely. If it is not righteousness, it is too wild; Fortunately, to be fair, I am obedient. The wind and rain are hazy and as old as ever. Looking out from the bed, you can see Hong Tao, and the tide on the pillow is like a golden drum. One night, I suddenly saw a red light floating on the sea dozens of miles away, and a red light, Zhu Tian, caught fire. On the first day, I said, "There are magic lamps and fires here, which will soon rise out of Sha Tin." I'm so happy, I'm relieved. I am even more unscrupulous, singing wildly on the back of cattle, dancing drunk on the sand head, and traveling freely as I like.

Qidong has not been established for a long time, and there is almost no record of Qidong in historical classics. Therefore, Shen Fu's account of Qidong in Six Chapters of a Floating Life is particularly valuable. This is also the earliest Qidong book discovered in Shang Yan so far.