The origin and development of America

1July 4, 776 (American independence day). The Continental Congress formally adopted the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia. After the war of independence,1September 3, 783, the United States and Britain signed the Treaty of Paris, and Britain recognized the independence of the United States.

Early civilization

More than 40 thousand years ago, there were a group of vagrants from Asia who came to Central and South America through North America. These people are the ancestors of Indians. When Columbus arrived in what he thought was the New World, about 30 million Indians lived in America, of which about 20 million lived in what is now Canada and the north-central United States, and most of the rest lived in what is now Mexico and the southern United States. About 1 10,000 years ago, another group of Asians moved to northern North America, which became the Eskimos. The first white people to come to America may be vikings. They are a group of adventurous fishermen. Some people think that they went to the east coast of North America 1 0,000 years ago.

Colonial period

00 1607, a colonial group of about 100 people established Jamestown in Schabik Beach, which was the first permanent colony established by Britain in North America. In the following 150 years, many colonists came in and settled in the coastal areas, most of them came from Britain, and some came from France, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland and other countries. 1In the middle of the 8th century, 13 British colonies gradually formed, with their own government and parliament under the supreme sovereignty of Britain. Due to the differences in climate and geographical environment, these 13 colonies have different economic forms, political systems and concepts.

War of Independence

00/kloc-in the middle of the 8th century, there was a rift between Britain and American colonies. With the continuous expansion of the colony, they gradually realized the seriousness of the development of the situation, thus sprouting the idea of independence.

00 1773, Boston tea party, anti-British colonists.

00 1774, representatives from 13 states gathered in Philadelphia to hold the first continental conference, hoping to solve the problem peacefully with Britain. But the British king insisted that the colony must unconditionally submit to the British king and accept punishment. 1775, the war was ignited in Lexington, Massachusetts, and the North American War of Independence broke out.

00 1776 in may, the second continental congress was held in Philadelphia, which strengthened the determination of war and independence, issued the famous declaration of independence, and put forward sufficient reasons for fighting this war. The promulgation of the Declaration of Independence is regarded as the beginning of the founding of the United States, and this day (July 4) is also regarded as the National Day by the United States.

00 1777 10 Saratoga stepped up its efforts and reversed the unfavorable situation in the early days of the War of Independence. This service has greatly increased the confidence of the American people and won international support.

001778 In February, France signed a military alliance treaty with the United States, and France officially recognized the United States. France, Spain and the Netherlands went to war.

00 178 1 York city was a great victory, and the US military won a decisive victory. After the Battle of Yorktown, except for several battles at sea and sporadic battles on land, the war on the North American continent has basically stopped.

The success of the 00 Revolution gave the American people the opportunity to express their political ideas in the form of legislation. 1787, a federal conference was held in Philadelphia, during which Washington was promoted as the chairman. They adopted the principle that the central power is general, but it must be carefully defined and explained. At the same time, they also accepted the fact that the national government must have the right to tax, mint money, adjust commerce, declare war and conclude treaties. In addition, in order to prevent the central power from being too large, Montesquieu's theory of balance of power is adopted, that is, three departments of equal cooperation and mutual checks and balances are set up in the government, that is, legislative, administrative and judicial powers are balanced with each other, and no power occupies a controlling position.

00 18 12. Britain invaded the newly established United States again, which was called the second war of independence in history. After the war, American States became more United.

Expand westward

00/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, thousands of people crossed the Appalachian Mountains and moved westward. Some pioneers moved to the border of the United States and even went deep into the territory of Mexico and Oregon in northern Latin America between Alaska and California.

00 1846, the American-Mexican war broke out and the United States expanded its territory.

the Civil War

The causes of civil war are not only economic, political and military issues, but also ideological conflicts. The civil war exposed America's weakness. The existence of this country has been tested. After this test, the United States embarked on the road of a centralized and modern country. There is a dispute between the north and the south on the issue of slavery. The main policy of the south in national politics is to protect and expand the interests represented by the "cotton and slavery" system; The northern States are mainly manufacturing, commercial and financial centers, and there is no need to rely on slaves for these production.

This kind of economic and political conflict has a long history. In the early 1960s, 1 1 Southern states broke away from the federation and formed another government, while the North said that it would do whatever it took to achieve reunification. 186 1 year, the civil war broke out, and this bloody battle of Americans went through four years. 1April 9, 865, the southern government ended in failure. This victory not only restored the unity of the United States, but also stopped slavery throughout the country.

Industrialization and reform

00/kloc-at the beginning of the 9th century, the United States began to industrialize, but after the civil war, it entered a mature stage. In less than 50 years from the Civil War to the First World War, the United States has changed from an agricultural country to an urbanized country. The nearly 30 years from 1890 to 19 17 are called the so-called "progress period". 19 14, the first world war broke out; 19 17, the United States was involved in the whirlpool of war and tried to play a new role in the world.

Great Depression and World War II

The Great Depression not only affected the United States, but also affected all countries in the world. The economic panic caused millions of workers to lose their jobs, a large number of farmers were forced to give up their farmland, factories and shops closed, banks closed down and there was a depression. 1932, franklin roosevelt (1882 ~ 1945) was elected president. He advocated that the government should take action to end the economic panic, and then introduced a series of policies to temporarily solve many difficulties, but the American economy did not wake up until after World War II. After World War II, with the defeat of the Axis countries and the decline of the strength of Britain and France, the United States and the Soviet Union became superpowers, and the world was divided into two camps. The United States and the Soviet Union and their respective camps have stepped up preparations in military, political, economic and propaganda aspects, just like in wartime. This state is called "Cold War".

Cold war period

From 1960, American history is a continuation of postwar development in many ways. In addition to the cyclical recession, the economy is still expanding; The number of people moving from the city to the suburbs continues to increase. 1970, the population living in suburbs exceeded the population living in cities. 1960, the black issue has become the most important issue in the United States.

In the mid-1960s, many Americans began to be dissatisfied with the government's foreign policy. In addition, due to the development of industry and the concentration of population, the pollution of ecological environment was widely concerned in the late 1960 s, and the economic depression caused by the energy crisis was the most serious in history in the early 1970 s. In the mid-1970s, the American economy once recovered. But in the late 1970s, inflation reappeared.

00 1976, the bicentennial of the founding of the United States, various celebrations were held all over the country. The United States finally brought down the Soviet Union in the Cold War. 199 1 With the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the United States became the only superpower in the world, and the ideological barriers between the two camps in the world were also broken. 1981April 12, the United States successfully launched the space shuttle Columbia, bringing mankind into another new era in space.

new century

00200 1 The "9.1Incident" in new york and Washington, D.C. had a great impact on the United States and the world. This incident is by far the most serious terrorist attack in human history. The U.S. government's condemnation and position on this incident have also received sympathy and support from most countries; After the incident, there were various mourning activities all over the world. This incident also caused the focus of American foreign policy to shift to dealing with the threat of terrorism. The American government launched the war and action against terrorism, and overthrew the Taliban regime on May 28th, 2006 and June 28th, 2006. In 2003, the United States launched the Iraq war, overthrew Saddam Hussein's regime and established an interim Iraqi government. 20 11may1day, bin laden was killed by us navy seals in Islamabad, Pakistan. [ 13]