Who can give me a brief introduction to British history?

British history is a history of conquest and merger. Britain, called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, consists of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, and the whole history of Britain consists of the history of these four regions. Wales became a part of the Kingdom of England in 1535, Scotland and England were formally merged into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, Great Britain and Ireland were merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1800, Ireland became independent in 1922, and Northern Ireland remained in the United Kingdom.

A brief introduction to Scottish history

Scotland lies in the north of the island of Great Britain and in the north of England. The official records of Scottish history are some records after the ancient Romans invaded Britain. In the 5th century, the Gaelic (a Celtic) of Northern Ireland migrated to Scotland and established the Dalriada Kingdom in argyle and Bittershire. After that, it expanded eastward to Astero Forest and Erne Valley, and northward to Elgin region. In 843 AD, Macalpin, king of Daliada, was also king of pickett, and established the Kingdom of Alba, with the Scottish name Kenneth I of Scotland. A relatively independent and complete kingdom of Scotland has gradually taken shape. Since then, Scotland has been ruled by Deng Kirdi, canmore, Barriol, England, Bruce and Stuart, and merged with England to become the United Kingdom in 1707.

A brief introduction to Welsh history

Wales is located in the southwest of Great Britain and the west of England.

About 29,000 years ago, humans settled in Wales. After the ancient Romans entered the island of Great Britain, Wales belonged to the British provinces.

In the 5th century, with the evacuation of the Romans, Anglo-Saxons invaded Great Britain on a large scale. Until 10 century, Welsh people spent their time under the oppression and invasion of Anglo-Saxons, and at the same time, burlington people began to call themselves Welsh.

In the 8th century AD, the legendary King Arthur led burlington against Anglo-Saxon rule.

The Viking invasions in the 9th century and10th century further unified the kingdom of Wales and became an entity, but at the same time put Wales under the rule of the British royal family.

In 927, the king of Wales admitted that Arthur Stein, the Anglo-Saxon king, protected the master of Wales. In the following 1 1 century, William I made full use of this precedent and established a powerful and ambitious feudal territory system on the Welsh border.

1282, King Edward I of England of England conquered Wales, the last principality in the north and west of Wales.

In A.D. 1284, Wales was formally merged by England, and Edward I of England, England, established its rule in this area through the Ladland Act.

In A.D. 1535, the Joint Act completed the unification of England and Wales, divided the latter into 13 counties, and stipulated that the laws of England were common throughout Wales, and English was its official language. Therefore, most Welsh people cannot hold government posts, but they can send representatives to the British Parliament.

A brief introduction to the history of Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland is a region of Britain, located in the northeast of Ireland Island. Around 6600 BC, humans began to settle in Ireland. Today's Irish are descendants of the ancient Celts and have lived on the island of Ireland for generations. In the 5th century, with the introduction of Roman Catholicism, Irish people gradually believed in Catholicism, forming a culture composed of monasteries, missionaries and kingdoms. At the end of the 8th century, Ireland had a unified civilization and laws, but there was no unified country politically.

At the end of A.D. 12, King Henry II of England took advantage of the split situation in Ireland, led his troops to land on the island of Ireland, conquered Dublin and its nearby areas, and established "Irish territory", which was ruled by his fourth son John. But by 1609, Ireland was still made up of many kingdoms, and it was not until 1609 that England completely occupied Ireland.

Under the influence of the North American War of Independence and the French Revolution, the Irish launched a large-scale anti-British uprising. The British authorities carried out a brutal crackdown. 180 1 year, the Irish Parliament was dissolved and Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

192 1 year, after a series of political and military struggles, 26 counties in the south of Ireland Island became independent from Britain and established the Republic of Ireland, while other counties in the north remained part of Britain.

Most northern Irish (unionists) want to stay in Britain, but a considerable number of minorities (nationalists) want to join Ireland. From 1960 s to 1990 s, the struggle between the two factions was armed. 1972, Northern Ireland's autonomy was cancelled. Since the mid-1960s, the two main semi-military organizations have reached an unreliable ceasefire agreement.

On June 65438+1October 65438+April 2002, the British government announced that it would suspend the operation of local self-government in Northern Ireland and return the control of Northern Ireland to the central government. On May 8, 2007, the coalition government composed of democratic unionist party and Sinn Fein Party was sworn in, which meant that Northern Ireland officially resumed decentralized self-government.

A brief introduction to British history

England is the most populous, largest and most developed region in Britain. It is located in the southeast of Great Britain, the east of Wales and the south of Scotland.

In 55 BC, Caesar, then the governor of Roman Gaul, led tens of thousands of troops and launched two armed invasions on the British Isles, but he was trapped in the tactics of the British.

In 43 AD, the third Roman emperor Claudius finally conquered Britain, made it a province, and carried out military rule and military immigration.

In 122, the Roman emperor Hadrian built a wall more than 100 kilometers long in the northern part of the British island to defend the northern barbarians. This is the famous "Hadrian Great Wall".

In 407 AD, with the decline of the Roman Empire, the last Roman army left Britain, ending their rule.

After the Roman army left Britain, a Germanic people from the European continent-"Anglo-Saxons" conquered Britain and established many countries. After that, Britain was called "England" (meaning Anglo-Saxon land).

In A.D. 1066, Duke William from Normandy defeated King Harold II of England and established the Norman Dynasty. William I ordered the compilation of the Doomsday Judgment Book (equivalent to the current census of population and property). According to the survey results, the population of England is about 6.5438+0.5 million, of which more than 90% are farmers) in order to manage England in the future. William I introduced the land enfeoffment system in continental Europe, and at the same time strengthened the British kingship through loyalty to the lords.

/kloc-In the 0/2nd century, England entered the Plantagenet Dynasty, which was founded by Henry II and was also the most powerful feudal dynasty in medieval England-also known as the Anjou Dynasty in France. Henry II reformed the British judicial system, abolished outdated trial methods, adopted customary law and created the jury system.

In A.D. 12 15, King John, who suffered repeated defeats and was unpopular, was forced by the aristocratic class to sign the Magna Carta, which restricted the royal power. This is the origin of the unwritten constitution of Britain.

1295, Parliament was held in Edward I of England, England, and a parliamentary system including nobles, knights and priests was established.

In A.D. 1337, the Hundred Years' War between Britain and France broke out intermittently in 1 16 due to the dispute over the succession of territory and the throne. The century-old war caused a large number of civilian casualties and displacement, and also led to the innovation of tactics and weapons. In the end, England almost lost all its territory on the European continent; France used this to complete national reunification.

In A.D. 1399, Henry, Duke of Lancaster, acceded to the throne during King Richard II's expedition to Ireland and became the first monarch of Lancaster Dynasty. Britain began the rule of Lancaster dynasty. The name of Lancaster comes from the fact that all members of the dynasty are descendants of John, the first Duke of Lancaster, and the red rose is the symbol of the dynasty.

/kloc-In the 5th century, Lancaster Dynasty and York family competed for the English throne, and wars of the roses broke out, with red roses representing Lancaster Dynasty and white roses representing York family. The competition between the two dynasties also led to the friendly competitive relationship between Lancaster County and Yorkshire today.

1485, wars of the roses ended, henry vii won the throne and the Tudor dynasty began. His successor, Henry VIII, divorced from the Vatican and founded the Anglican Church (also known as the Church of England, the Anglican Church or the Church of England).

1603, Elizabeth I, the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty, died, and the Tudor dynasty ended. This Tudor dynasty, which lasted for 1 18 years, was a golden age in British history. As Elizabeth I left no children before her death, James VI, her closest male Protestant by blood, became King James I of England.

In 1642, a series of conflicts and disputes between Charles I and Parliament led to the outbreak of the civil war in England.

1645 in June, the congressional army defeated Charles I's army and won a decisive victory, ending the first civil war.

At the beginning of 1647, Charles I also became a prisoner of parliament. After the end of the Second Civil War, Charles I was publicly executed.

In A.D. 1653, Cromwell became lord protector, and Britain became the Union of England. After Cromwell's death, his son richard cromwell succeeded lord protector, but he was dismissed soon after. 1660, the British royal family was successfully restored, and King charles ii returned to London.

1665, a large-scale plague broke out in London, and the next year, a fire broke out in London. The fire burned for five days, and about 15000 buildings were burned down.

In a.d. 1688, due to the chaotic rule of James II, the parliament decided to depose James II. After the king abdicated, William, son-in-law of James II and Prince Orange ruled by Holland, were invited to England. 165438+1On October 5th, William led 15000 people, 400 transport ships and 53 warships landed in Tol Bay. James II fled hastily, was intercepted on the way, and then went into exile in France. Because there were no casualties in this revolution, it was called a glorious revolution in history.

17-18th century, the three wars between Britain and Holland and the seven wars between Britain and France (1756 ~ 1763) achieved maritime, colonial and economic hegemony.

1707, England and Scotland formally merged into the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Modern British history

During the 65438+1930s, Britain established 13 colonies in North America.

65438+In the 1960s, the British industrial revolution was 1765 Jenny spinning machine, 177 1 year hydraulic spinning machine and 1782 double-acting steam engine, which greatly accelerated the process of the industrial revolution. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, automobile tires and trains were born.

In A.D. 172 1, walpole became the first British Prime Minister and a symbol of cabinet system in Parliament.

In 1800, the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

In a.d. 1832, the parliament was reformed, and the representatives of the industrial bourgeoisie became the leading force in the lower house.

In A.D. 1837- 190 1, the British Empire entered its heyday in the Victorian era, with a territory area of about 30 million square kilometers, accounting for 20% of the total land area of the world. Known as the "empire", it was the most powerful country in the world at that time.

In A.D. 1922, Ireland became independent and Northern Ireland remained in Britain.

In A.D. 1928, the electoral authority was expanded, and the parliament became the highest authority, and the two parties took turns to govern.

193 1 year, Parliament passed the Westminster Act, which marked the transformation of the British Empire into the Commonwealth.

1945, the Bolenyi report was implemented, a welfare state was established and nationalized.

In 1970s, Thatcher became prime minister and carried out reforms.